Industrial safety and health for goods and materials services

Contents Preface.................................................................................................................... xix Author .................................................................................................................... xxi Chapter 1 Introduction to the Service Industry .................................................... 1 1.1 NAICS............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Employment in the Service Industry ............................................................. 2 1.3 Safety ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Why Trauma Prevention? .............................................................................. 6 1.5 Accidents or Incidents ................................................................................... 6 1.6 Comprehensive Accident Prevention............................................................. 6 1.7 Fatality and Injury Profile for the Service Industry....................................... 7 1.8 Occupational Illnesses in the Service Industry............................................ 10 References ............................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 Wholesale Trade ................................................................................ 13 2.1 Profile of Retail Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses........................... 17 2.1.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 17 2.1.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 17 2.2 Hazards Faced by Wholesale Workers ........................................................ 17 2.3 Occupations.................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 22 References ............................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3 Retail Trade ....................................................................................... 25 3.1 Retail Trade.................................................................................................. 26 3.1.1 Motor Vehicle and Part Dealers ....................................................... 26 3.1.2 Clothing, Accessory, and General Merchandise Stores ................... 27 3.1.3 Grocery Stores .................................................................................. 28 3.2 Profile of Retail Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses........................... 29 3.2.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 29 3.2.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 30 3.2.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 30 3.3 Hazards Faced by Retail Workers ............................................................... 32 3.4 Occupations.................................................................................................. 33 3.4.1 Motor Vehicle and Part Dealers ....................................................... 33 3.4.2 Clothing, Accessory, and General Merchandise Stores ................... 35 v 3.4.3 Grocery Stores ................................................................................ 37 3.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................. 40 References ............................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 4 Warehousing ...................................................................................... 43 4.1 Profile of Warehousing Workers’ Death, Injuries, and Illnesses............... 45 4.1.1 Deaths ............................................................................................. 45 4.1.2 Injuries ............................................................................................ 45 4.1.3 Illnesses........................................................................................... 45 4.2 Hazards Faced by Warehousing Workers.................................................. 45 4.3 Occupations................................................................................................ 45 4.4 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................. 51 References ............................................................................................................... 51 Chapter 5 OSHA and Its Regulations ................................................................ 53 5.1 Federal Laws.............................................................................................. 54 5.2 OSHACT ..................................................................................................... 54 5.3 Content of the OSHACT............................................................................. 54 5.4 Regulation Process..................................................................................... 54 5.5 Federal Register ......................................................................................... 56 5.6 Purpose of OSHA ...................................................................................... 56 5.7 Code of Federal Regulations ..................................................................... 57 5.8 CFR Numbering System............................................................................ 59 5.9 OSHA Standards Cover ............................................................................. 61 5.10 Copies of the OSHA Standards ................................................................. 61 5.11 Relief (Variance) from an OSHA Standard............................................... 61 5.12 OSHACT Protects ....................................................................................... 62 5.13 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s Role .................. 62 5.14 Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission’s Role .................. 62 5.15 Employers Are Responsible for Workers’ Safety and Health ................... 62 5.16 Workers’ Rights ......................................................................................... 63 5.17 Workers’ Responsibilities under the Law.................................................. 64 5.18 Right to Not Be Discriminated Against..................................................... 64 5.19 Right to Know ........................................................................................... 64 5.20 Environmental Monitoring Results............................................................ 65 5.21 Personal Protective Clothing...................................................................... 65 5.22 OSHA Inspections ..................................................................................... 65 5.23 OSHA Receives a Complaint .................................................................... 66 5.24 Citations ..................................................................................................... 67 5.25 Types of Violations.................................................................................... 67 5.26 Challenging Citations, Penalties, and Other Enforcement Measures ........ 67 5.27 Workers Get the Results of an Inspection ................................................. 68 5.28 Determining Penalties ................................................................................ 68 5.29 State Programs ........................................................................................... 68 vi 5.30 Workers’ Training ...................................................................................... 69 5.31 Occupational Injuries and Illnesses ........................................................... 69 5.32 Medical and Exposure Records ................................................................. 70 5.33 Posting........................................................................................................ 70 5.34 Summary .................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 6 Safety and Health Management......................................................... 71 6.1 Safety and Health Management................................................................. 71 6.1.1 Safety and Health Policy ................................................................ 72 6.1.2 Goals and Objectives ...................................................................... 72 6.1.3 Visible Top Management Leadership............................................. 72 6.1.4 Assignment of Responsibility ......................................................... 72 6.1.5 Provision of Authority .................................................................... 73 6.1.6 Accountability................................................................................. 73 6.1.7 Program Evaluation ........................................................................ 73 6.2 Safety and Health Programs ...................................................................... 73 6.3 Reasons for a Comprehensive Safety Program ......................................... 75 6.4 Building a Safety and Health Program...................................................... 76 6.4.1 Management Commitment and Employee Involvement ................ 77 6.4.2 Hazard Identification and Assessment............................................ 79 6.4.3 Hazard Prevention and Control ...................................................... 80 6.4.4 Information and Training................................................................ 81 6.4.5 Evaluation of Program Effectiveness ............................................. 83 6.4.6 Multiemployer Workplaces............................................................. 83 6.5 Characteristics of an Occupational Safety and Health Program................ 84 6.5.1 Factors Affecting Safety and Health .............................................. 84 6.6 Summary .................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 7 Safety Hazards ................................................................................... 87 7.1 Emphasis on Hazards................................................................................. 87 7.2 Accident Causes......................................................................................... 88 7.2.1 Direct Causes .................................................................................. 89 7.2.2 Indirect Causes................................................................................ 90 7.2.3 Basic Causes ................................................................................... 91 7.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 95 Chapter 8 Health Hazards................................................................................... 97 8.1 Occupational Illnesses................................................................................ 97 8.2 Identifying Health Hazards ........................................................................ 98 8.3 Health Hazards........................................................................................... 99 8.3.1 Acute Health Effects ..................................................................... 101 8.3.2 Chronic Health Effects.................................................................. 101 8.3.3 Chronic Disease ............................................................................ 102 8.3.4 Birth Defects=Infertility ................................................................ 103 vii 8.4 Biological Monitoring.............................................................................. 104 8.4.1 Medical Questionnaire .................................................................. 105 8.4.2 Pulmonary Function Tests ............................................................ 105 8.4.3 Electrocardiogram ......................................................................... 105 8.4.4 Chest X-Ray.................................................................................. 105 8.5 Hazardous Chemicals............................................................................... 106 8.5.1 Carcinogens................................................................................... 108 8.6 Ionizing Radiation.................................................................................... 109 8.7 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.................................................................... 111 8.8 Nonionizing Radiation ............................................................................. 113 8.9 Temperature Extremes ............................................................................. 114 8.9.1 Cold Stress .................................................................................... 114 8.9.2 Heat Stress .................................................................................... 116 8.10 Vibration .................................................................................................. 117 Reference............................................................................................................... 118 Chapter 9 Chemical Hazards............................................................................ 119 9.1 Chemicals................................................................................................. 119 9.2 Routes of Entry and Modes of Action..................................................... 119 9.2.1 Eyes............................................................................................... 119 9.2.2 Lungs and Inhalation .................................................................... 121 9.2.2.1 Respiration ...................................................................... 122 9.2.3 Skin Absorption ............................................................................ 123 9.2.4 Ingestion........................................................................................ 124 9.2.5 Personal Exposure Guides ............................................................ 124 9.3 Chemical Exposure Guidelines................................................................ 125 9.3.1 Time-Weighted Average............................................................... 126 9.3.2 Short-Term Exposure Limits ........................................................ 126 9.3.3 Ceiling Limit................................................................................. 126 9.3.4 Skin Absorption Notation ............................................................. 127 9.4 Types of Airborne Contaminants............................................................. 127 9.4.1 Dusts ............................................................................................. 127 9.4.2 Fumes............................................................................................ 127 9.4.3 Gases ............................................................................................. 128 9.4.4 Mists.............................................................................................. 128 9.4.5 Vapors ........................................................................................... 128 9.5 Typical Hazardous Chemicals ................................................................. 129 9.5.1 Solvents......................................................................................... 129 9.5.2 Cleaners......................................................................................... 129 9.5.3 Acids and Bases............................................................................ 130 9.5.4 Adhesives and Sealants................................................................. 131 9.5.5 Paints............................................................................................. 131 9.5.6 Fuels.............................................................................................. 131 9.6 Exposure Monitoring ............................................................................... 132 9.7 Biological Monitoring.............................................................................. 133 viii 9.8 Cancer-Causing Chemicals ...................................................................... 133 9.9 Hazard Communications (1910.1200) ..................................................... 134 9.9.1 Written HAZCOM Program ..................................................... 134 9.9.2 Information Provided by the Employer.................................... 134 9.9.3 Training Provided by the Employer ......................................... 135 9.9.4 Multiple Employer Sites ........................................................... 135 9.9.5 Conclusions............................................................................... 135 9.10 Summary .................................................................................................. 135 Chapter 10 Compressed Gases ......................................................................... 137 10.1 Corrosive and Toxic Gases...................................................................... 138 10.1.1 Poisonous Gases ....................................................................... 139 10.2 Preventing Compressed Gas Cylinder Accidents .................................... 140 10.2.1 Cylinder Use ............................................................................. 140 10.2.2 Handling.................................................................................... 141 10.2.3 Storage ...................................................................................... 143 10.2.3.1 Outside Storage ......................................................... 145 10.2.3.2 Inside Storage............................................................ 145 10.2.4 Moving Cylinders ..................................................................... 146 10.2.5 Transportation of Cylinders ...................................................... 146 10.2.6 Empty Cylinders ....................................................................... 146 10.2.7 Identification and Color Coding ............................................... 147 10.2.8 Adequately Securing Cylinders ................................................ 148 10.2.9 Cylinder Storage Sheds............................................................. 148 10.2.10 Compatibility ............................................................................ 148 10.3 Hoses and Regulators .............................................................................. 148 10.3.1 Inspection .................................................................................. 148 10.3.2 General Precautions .................................................................. 149 10.3.3 Operation................................................................................... 149 10.3.4 Safe Handling and Usage Guidelines ....................................... 150 10.4 Compressed Air Safety Guidelines.......................................................... 150 10.5 Cryogenic Safety...................................................................................... 151 10.5.1 General Precautions .................................................................. 152 10.5.2 Storage ...................................................................................... 152 10.5.3 Hazards ..................................................................................... 154 10.5.4 Hazards to Personnel ................................................................ 154 10.5.4.1 Frostbite=Burns and Skin Lesions............................. 154 10.5.4.2 Asphyxiation ............................................................. 155 10.5.4.3 Obscured Vision........................................................ 155 10.5.5 Hazards to Equipment............................................................... 155 10.5.6 Hazards of Cryogens................................................................. 155 10.5.6.1 Extreme Cold ............................................................ 155 10.5.6.2 Asphyxiation ............................................................. 155 10.5.6.3 Toxic Hazards ........................................................... 156 10.5.6.4 Obscured Vision........................................................ 156 ix 10.5.6.5 High Pressure .......................................................... 156 10.5.6.6 Dewars in High Magnetic Fields ............................ 156 10.5.6.7 Liquid Oxygen ........................................................ 156 10.6 Preventing Cryogenic Accidents............................................................ 157 10.6.1 Dos.......................................................................................... 157 10.6.2 Don’ts...................................................................................... 157 10.7 Compressed Gases in the Service Industry ........................................... 157 10.8 OSHA Compressed Gas Regulations: Summary................................... 157 10.8.1 Compressed Gas Cylinders (29 CFR 1910.101 and .253).................................................. 157 10.8.2 Acetylene (29 CFR 1910.253)................................................ 158 10.8.3 Hydrogen (29 CFR 1910.103)................................................ 158 10.8.4 Nitrous Oxide (29 CFR 1910.105) ......................................... 159 10.8.5 Oxygen (29 CFR 1910.253) ................................................... 159 10.8.6 Compressed Air (29 CFR 1910.242 and 29 CFR 1926.302) ........................................................... 159 10.9 Compressed Gas and Cylinder Checklist .............................................. 159 10.10 Summary ................................................................................................ 159 10.10.1 Basic Safety ............................................................................ 160 10.10.2 Things Not to Do.................................................................... 161 Chapter 11 Controls and PPE........................................................................... 163 11.1 Hazard Prevention and Controls ............................................................ 163 11.2 Engineering Controls ............................................................................. 164 11.3 Awareness Devices ................................................................................ 164 11.4 Work Practices ....................................................................................... 164 11.5 Administrative Controls ......................................................................... 165 11.5.1 Management Controls............................................................. 165 11.6 Personal Protective Equipment .............................................................. 165 11.6.1 Hazard Assessment ................................................................. 166 11.6.2 Establishing a PPE Program ................................................... 167 11.7 Ranking Hazard Controls....................................................................... 167 11.8 PPE Policies ........................................................................................... 167 11.8.1 Safety Clothing ....................................................................... 169 11.8.2 Special Protective Clothing .................................................... 169 11.8.3 Safety and Hair Protection...................................................... 170 11.8.4 Protecting the Head................................................................. 170 11.8.5 Protecting the Eyes and Face.................................................. 171 11.8.6 Ear Protection.......................................................................... 173 11.8.7 Protecting Your Hands ........................................................... 174 11.8.8 Protecting the Feet and Legs .................................................. 176 11.8.9 Respiratory Protection............................................................. 177 11.9 Summary ................................................................................................ 179 x Chapter 12 Emergencies................................................................................... 181 12.1 Identification of Hazards........................................................................ 181 12.2 Emergency Action Plans........................................................................ 182 12.2.1 Elements of an EAP.................................................................. 183 12.3 Alarm System......................................................................................... 184 12.4 Evacuation Plan and Policy ................................................................... 185 12.5 Emergency Responsibility ..................................................................... 186 12.6 Exit Routes............................................................................................. 186 12.6.1 Requirements for Exits ............................................................. 187 12.6.2 Safety Features for Exit Routes ................................................ 187 12.6.3 Design and Construction of Exits............................................. 188 12.7 Accounting for Evacuees ....................................................................... 188 12.8 Rescue Operations ................................................................................. 189 12.9 Medical Care in Emergencies ................................................................ 189 12.10 Training Employees ............................................................................... 190 12.11 Hazardous Substances............................................................................ 190 12.12 Emergency Equipment........................................................................... 191 12.13 Summary ................................................................................................ 191 Chapter 13 Ergonomics .................................................................................... 193 13.1 Identifying Hazards................................................................................ 193 13.2 Ergonomically Risky Activities ............................................................. 197 13.2.1 Work Activities......................................................................... 197 13.2.2 Manual Material Handling........................................................ 198 13.3 Ergonomic Risk Factors......................................................................... 198 13.3.1 Description of Risk Factors ...................................................... 199 13.3.1.1 Force.......................................................................... 199 13.3.1.2 Repetition .................................................................. 199 13.3.1.3 Awkward Postures .................................................... 199 13.3.1.4 Static Postures ........................................................... 200 13.3.1.5 Vibration.................................................................... 200 13.3.1.6 Contact Stress............................................................ 200 13.3.1.7 Cold Temperatures .................................................... 201 13.4 Physical Work Activities and Conditions.............................................. 204 13.5 Limits of Exposure................................................................................. 205 13.5.1 Duration .................................................................................... 205 13.5.2 Frequency.................................................................................. 206 13.5.3 Magnitude ................................................................................. 206 13.6 Ergonomic Controls ............................................................................... 207 13.6.1 Identify Controls ....................................................................... 207 13.6.2 Assess Controls......................................................................... 208 13.6.3 Implement Controls .................................................................. 208 13.7 Tracking Progress .................................................................................. 208 13.8 Education and Training.......................................................................... 209 13.9 Summary ................................................................................................ 209 xi Chapter 14 Fire Hazards Guidelines ................................................................ 211 14.1 Fire Hazards ........................................................................................... 211 14.2 Causes of Fires....................................................................................... 211 14.3 OSHA Standards Requirements............................................................. 212 14.4 Avoiding Fires ....................................................................................... 214 14.5 Fire Protection and Prevention .............................................................. 216 14.5.1 Fire Protection......................................................................... 216 14.5.2 Fire Prevention........................................................................ 216 14.6 Flammable and Combustible Liquids (29 CFR 1910.106) ................... 217 14.6.1 Flammable and Combustible Liquids..................................... 218 14.7 Flammable and Combustible Materials ................................................. 219 14.8 Fire Suppression Systems ...................................................................... 219 14.9 Firefighting............................................................................................. 219 14.10 Fire Hazard Checklist ............................................................................ 219 14.11 Summary ................................................................................................ 220 Chapter 15 Hand Tools .................................................................................... 221 15.1 Preventing Hand Tool Accidents............................................................. 223 15.1.1 Hand Tool Key Points .............................................................. 223 15.1.2 Storing Hand Tools................................................................... 225 15.1.3 Old Hand Tools ........................................................................ 225 15.1.4 Ergonomics and Hand Tools .................................................... 225 15.1.5 Ergonomically Designed Hand Tools....................................... 226 15.2 Hand Tool Specific Safety ....................................................................... 228 15.2.1 Adjustable Wrenches ................................................................ 228 15.2.2 Axes .......................................................................................... 228 15.2.3 Box and Socket Wrenches........................................................ 229 15.2.4 Carpenter’s or Claw Hammer ................................................... 229 15.2.5 Chisels....................................................................................... 229 15.2.6 Crowbars .......................