Industrial safety and health for infrastructure services

Contents Preface.................................................................................................................. xxiii Author ................................................................................................................... xxv Chapter 1 Introduction to the Service Industry .................................................... 1 1.1 NAICS............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Employment in the Service Industry ............................................................. 2 1.3 Safety ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Why Trauma Prevention? .............................................................................. 5 1.5 Accidents or Incidents ................................................................................... 5 1.6 Comprehensive Accident Prevention............................................................. 6 1.7 Fatality and Injury Profile for the Service Industry....................................... 7 1.8 Occupational Illnesses in the Service Industry............................................ 10 References ............................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 Transportation.................................................................................... 13 2.1 Transportation .............................................................................................. 14 2.1.1 Truck Transportation......................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Air Transportation............................................................................. 17 2.1.3 Rail Transportation ........................................................................... 18 2.2 Profile of Transportation Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses ............. 19 2.2.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 19 2.3 Hazards Faced by the Transportation Sector ............................................... 19 2.4 Occupations.................................................................................................. 22 2.4.1 Truck Transportation......................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Air Transportation............................................................................. 23 2.4.3 Rail Transportation ........................................................................... 25 2.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 25 References ............................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3 Utilities Sector ................................................................................... 31 3.1 Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution ....................... 32 3.2 Natural Gas Distribution .............................................................................. 33 3.3 Water, Sewage, and Other Systems............................................................. 33 v 3.4 Profile of Utility Workers’ Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses .......................... 35 3.4.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 35 3.4.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 35 3.4.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 36 3.5 Hazards Faced by Utility Workers .............................................................. 36 3.6 Occupations.................................................................................................. 39 3.7 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 41 Chapter 4 Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services ................................................................. 45 4.1 ASWMR Services........................................................................................ 46 4.2 Profile of Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services............................................................................ 47 4.2.1 Deaths ............................................................................................... 47 4.2.2 Injuries .............................................................................................. 47 4.2.3 Illnesses............................................................................................. 48 4.3 Hazards Faced by ASWMR Workers.......................................................... 48 4.4 Occupations.................................................................................................. 49 4.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations .................................................................... 51 Chapter 5 OSHA Regulations ............................................................................ 53 5.1 Federal Laws................................................................................................ 54 5.2 OSHACT ....................................................................................................... 54 5.3 Content of the OSHACT............................................................................... 54 5.4 Regulatory Process....................................................................................... 57 5.5 Federal Register ........................................................................................... 60 5.6 Code of Federal Regulations ....................................................................... 61 5.7 Regulation Paragraph Numbering System................................................... 62 Chapter 6 Occupational Safety and Health Programs........................................ 67 6.1 Development of a Safety and Health Program............................................ 68 6.1.1 Rules ................................................................................................. 68 6.1.2 Communications ............................................................................... 68 6.1.3 Training............................................................................................. 70 6.1.4 Accident Investigation ...................................................................... 72 6.1.5 Evaluation ......................................................................................... 74 6.2 Explaining the Requirements and Elements of OSHA Guidelines for a Safety and Health Program ................................................................. 74 6.2.1 Management Commitment and Leadership...................................... 75 6.2.2 Assignment of Responsibility ........................................................... 76 6.2.3 Identification and Control of Hazards .............................................. 77 vi 6.2.4 Training and Education..................................................................... 78 6.2.5 Recordkeeping and Hazard Analysis................................................ 79 6.2.6 First Aid and Medical Assistance..................................................... 79 6.2.7 Emergency and Firefighting Procedures........................................... 80 6.3 Model Safety and Health Program .............................................................. 80 6.3.1 Management Safety and Health Policy Statements.......................... 80 6.3.1.1 Example of Statement for All Employees .......................... 80 6.3.1.2 Example of a Statement for a Large Company .................. 81 6.3.1.3 List of the Company Objectives and Safety and Health Goals................................................................. 81 6.4 Other Required Written Programs ............................................................... 84 Chapter 7 Safety Hazards ................................................................................... 87 7.1 Hazard Prevention and Controls .................................................................. 87 7.2 Engineering Controls ................................................................................... 88 7.3 Awareness Devices ...................................................................................... 88 7.4 Work Practices ............................................................................................. 89 7.5 Administrative Controls ............................................................................... 89 7.5.1 Management Controls....................................................................... 89 7.6 Personal Protective Equipment .................................................................... 90 7.6.1 Hazard Assessment ........................................................................... 90 7.6.2 Establishing a PPE Program ............................................................. 91 7.7 Ranking Hazard Controls............................................................................. 92 7.8 Other Tools That Can Be Used for Hazard Control.................................... 92 7.8.1 Accident=Incident Reporting............................................................. 92 7.8.2 Hazard Audits ................................................................................... 94 7.8.3 Safe Operating Procedure ................................................................. 94 7.8.4 Job Safety Assessment...................................................................... 95 7.9 Hazard Control Summary ............................................................................ 95 Chapter 8 Health Hazards................................................................................... 97 8.1 Health Hazards............................................................................................. 97 8.2 Cold Stress ................................................................................................... 98 8.2.1 Health Effects.................................................................................... 99 8.2.2 Cold and the Workplace ................................................................. 101 8.2.3 Protective Steps............................................................................... 102 8.2.4 Symptoms of Cold Stress ............................................................... 103 8.3 Heat Stress ................................................................................................. 104 8.3.1 Heat Transfer .................................................................................. 104 8.3.2 Health-Related Disorders ................................................................ 104 8.3.3 Working in Hot Environments ....................................................... 106 8.3.4 Heat Index....................................................................................... 106 8.3.5 Controlling Exposure ...................................................................... 108 vii 8.4 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.................................................................... 110 8.4.1 Noise Exposure ............................................................................. 110 8.4.2 Controlling Noise Levels .............................................................. 111 8.4.3 Hearing Conservation ................................................................... 112 8.5 Vibration .................................................................................................. 116 8.6 Workplace Stress...................................................................................... 117 Chapter 9 Hazardous Chemicals and Waste Management .............................. 119 9.1 Hazardous Chemicals............................................................................... 119 9.2 Hazardous Waste ..................................................................................... 121 9.3 Hazardous Waste Operations (1926.65 or 1910.120) ............................. 122 9.3.1 Hazardous Waste Site Requirements ............................................ 122 9.3.2 Written Safety and Health Program.............................................. 123 9.3.3 Site Safety and Health Plan .......................................................... 124 9.3.4 Site Evaluation .............................................................................. 125 9.3.5 Site Control ................................................................................... 126 9.4 Training.................................................................................................... 128 9.5 Medical Surveillance................................................................................ 130 9.6 Hazard Controls ....................................................................................... 132 9.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment ..................................................... 132 9.6.2 Monitoring .................................................................................... 133 9.7 Handling and Transporting Hazardous Materials .................................... 134 9.7.1 Handling Drums and Containers .................................................. 134 9.7.2 Drum or Container Staging........................................................... 136 9.7.3 Lab Packs...................................................................................... 136 9.7.4 Decontamination ........................................................................... 136 9.8 Emergency Response Plan....................................................................... 137 9.9 Sanitation ................................................................................................. 138 9.10 New Technologies ................................................................................... 138 9.11 RCRA....................................................................................................... 138 9.12 Emergency Response ............................................................................... 138 9.12.1 Emergency Response Training ................................................... 142 9.13 Summary .................................................................................................. 143 Chapter 10 Confined Spaces ............................................................................ 145 10.1 Confined Spaces....................................................................................... 145 10.2 Confined Space Identification.................................................................. 146 10.3 PRCS Identification ................................................................................. 146 10.4 PRCS Entry Program ............................................................................... 148 10.5 Confined Space Entry Permit System...................................................... 149 10.5.1 Confined Space Entry Permit ..................................................... 150 10.6 Common Confined Space Hazards .......................................................... 150 10.6.1 Hazardous Atmospheres ............................................................. 150 10.6.2 Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres .................................................. 150 10.6.3 Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres .................................................. 151 viii 10.6.4 Flammable Atmospheres......................................................... 151 10.6.5 Toxic Atmospheres ................................................................. 152 10.7 Confined Space Atmospheric Testing.................................................... 152 10.7.1 Pre-Entry Testing .................................................................... 152 10.7.1.1 Oxygen Level Test .................................................. 153 10.7.1.2 Flammability Test ................................................... 153 10.7.1.3 Toxicity Test ........................................................... 154 10.7.2 Periodic=Continuous Testing .................................................. 154 10.8 Controlling Atmospheric Hazards ......................................................... 154 10.8.1 Ventilation............................................................................... 154 10.8.2 Cleaning .................................................................................. 155 10.9 Physical Hazards .................................................................................... 156 10.9.1 General=Physical Hazards....................................................... 156 10.9.2 Controlling General=Physical Hazards ................................... 157 10.10 Confined Space Entry Team .................................................................. 158 10.10.1 Entrant Duties ......................................................................... 159 10.10.2 Attendant Duties ..................................................................... 159 10.10.3 Entry Supervisor Duties.......................................................... 160 10.11 Emergency and Rescue Procedures ....................................................... 160 10.11.1 Rescue Training ...................................................................... 161 10.12 Summary ................................................................................................ 161 Chapter 11 Electrical Hazards .......................................................................... 163 11.1 Electricity ............................................................................................... 163 11.2 Electrocutions......................................................................................... 164 11.3 Shock versus Electrocution.................................................................... 164 11.4 Shock Burns........................................................................................... 166 11.5 Freeze on from Shock............................................................................ 167 11.5.1 Static Electricity Shock............................................................. 167 11.6 Controlling Electrical Hazards............................................................... 167 11.6.1 Insulation................................................................................... 168 11.6.2 Guarding ................................................................................... 168 11.6.3 Circuit Protection Devices ........................................................ 170 11.6.4 Safe Work Practices.................................................................. 170 11.6.5 Worker-Initiated Safety............................................................. 171 11.6.6 Lockout=Tagout ........................................................................ 172 11.6.7 Overhead Power Lines.............................................................. 172 11.6.8 Electrical Personal Protective Equipment................................. 173 11.6.9 Tool Maintenance ..................................................................... 173 11.7 Training.................................................................................................. 174 11.8 Safety and Health Program.................................................................... 175 11.9 Applicable Regulations .......................................................................... 175 11.10 Summary ................................................................................................ 175 11.10.1 Electrical Precautions.............................................................. 176 11.10.2 Electrical Safety Tips.............................................................. 177 ix Chapter 12 Ergonomics=Lifting ....................................................................... 179 12.1 CTDs ...................................................................................................... 180 12.1.1 Preventing CTDs....................................................................... 184 12.2 Infrastructure Tasks and Ergonomic Risks............................................ 185 12.3 Tools and Their Design ......................................................................... 186 12.3.1 Hand Tool Design to Reduce CTDs......................................... 186 12.4 Conducting Ergonomics Assessments ................................................... 189 12.5 Ergonomics Regulations ........................................................................ 189 12.6 Ergonomics Programs ............................................................................ 189 12.7 Manual Material Handling ..................................................................... 190 12.8 Back Injury Prevention .......................................................................... 191 12.8.1 Preventive Actions .................................................................... 194 12.8.2 Good Health and a Healthy Back............................................. 196 12.8.3 Back Injury Management.......................................................... 197 12.8.4 Training..................................................................................... 198 12.9 Lifting and Material-Handling Aids ...................................................... 199 12.10 Planning Manual Material Handling...................................................... 200 12.11 Summary ................................................................................................ 200 Chapter 13 Excavations=Trenches.................................................................... 201 13.1 Excavations=Trenches ............................................................................ 201 13.2 Proper Planning...................................................................................... 203 13.2.1 Underground Utilities ............................................................... 203 13.3 Informing Workers................................................................................. 204 13.4 Making Excavations Safe ...................................................................... 204 13.4.1 Selection of Protective Systems................................................ 204 13.4.2 Other Precautions...................................................................... 206 13.4.3 Installing or Removing Protective Systems.............................. 206 13.4.4 Safe Materials and Equipment for Protective Systems ............ 207 13.5 Additional Hazards and Protections ...................................................... 207 13.5.1 Water-Related Hazards ............................................................. 208 13.5.2 Hazardous Atmospheres ........................................................... 208 13.5.3 Means of Access and Egress .................................................... 208 13.6 Special Purpose PPE.............................................................................. 209 13.7 Conducting Inspections.......................................................................... 209 13.8 Summary ................................................................................................ 210 13.8.1 General Trenching and Excavation Rules ................................ 211 Chapter 14 Falls................................................................................................ 213 14.1 Fall Protection ........................................................................................ 214 14.2 Responsibility to Have Fall Protection .................................................. 214 14.3 Fall Protection Systems.......................................................................... 216 14.3.1 Guardrail Systems..................................................................... 217 14.3.2 Safety Nets................................................................................ 218 x 14.3.3 Personal Fall Arresting System................................................... 220 14.3.4 Warning Lines............................................................................. 223 14.3.5 Safety Monitoring System .......................................................... 225 14.4 Fall Protection Plan.................................................................................. 225 14.5 Training.................................................................................................... 226 14.6 Other Elevated Fall Hazards .................................................................... 227 14.6.1 Falls from Buckets ...................................................................... 227 14.6.2 Aerial Lifts and Falls .................................................................. 227 14.6.3 Scissor Lifts and Elevated Work Platforms................................ 227 14.6.4 Fall from Trucks or Other Equipment ........................................ 228 14.7 Summary .................................................................................................. 229 Chapter 15 Flammable and Combustible Liquids............................................ 233 15.1 Combustible Liquids ................................................................................ 233 15.2 Flammable Liquids .................................................................................. 234 15.3 Containers and Storage ............................................................................ 234 15.3.1 Container and Portable Tank Storage......................................... 234 15.3.2 Design, Construction, and Capacity of Containers .................... 236 15.3.3 Design, Construction, and Capacity of Storage Cabinets .......... 236 15.3.4 Design and Construction of Inside Storage Rooms ................... 236 15.3.5 Rating and Capacity.................................................................... 237 15.3.6 Wiring ......................................................................................... 237 15.3.7 Ventilation................................................................................... 237 15.3.8 Storage ........................................................................................ 237 15.4 Storage Inside Buildings.......................................................................... 238 15.4.1 Egress .......................................................................................... 238 15.4.2 Office Occupancies ..................................................................... 238 15.4.3 General Purpose Public Warehouses .......................................... 238 15.4.4 Warehouses or Storage Buildings............................................... 238 15.5 Storage Outside Buildings ....................................................................... 238 15.5.1 Fire Control................................................................................. 239 15.5.2 Industrial Plants .......................................................................... 239 15.5.3 Incidental Storage or Use of Flammable or Combustible Liquids .............................................................. 239 15.5.4 Containers ................................................................................... 240 15.5.5 Handling Liquids at the Point of Final Use................................ 240 15.6 Flammable and Combustible Liquids in the Service Industry ................ 241 15.6.1 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Checklist......................... 241 15.7 Summary of OSHA Regulations for Flammable and Combustible Liquids ......................................................................... 242 15.7.1 Flammable and Combustible Liquids (29 CFR 1910.106) ..................................................................... 242 xi Chapter 16 Lockout=Tagout ............................................................................. 245 16.1 Lockout=Tagout ..................................................................................... 245 16.2 Energy Control Program........................................................................ 247 16.3 Lockout=Tagout Devices ....................................................................... 248 16.4 Periodic Inspections ............................................................................... 248 16.5 Training and Communications............................................................... 250 16.6 Energy Isolation ..................................................................................... 251 16.6.1 Established Procedure ............................................................... 251 16.6.2 Lockout or Tagout Device Application .................................... 252 16.6.3 Stored Energy ........................................................................... 252 16.7 Release from Lockout or Tagout ........................................................... 252 16.8 Testing or Positioning ............................................................................ 253 16.9 Personnel-Related Issues........................................................................ 253 16.9.1 Outside Personnel ..................................................................... 253 16.9.2 Group Lockout or Tagout......................................................... 253 16.9.3 Shift or Personnel Changes....................................................... 254 16.10 Applicable Regulations .......................................................................... 254 16.11 Lockout=Tagout Safety Checklist .......................................................... 255 16.12 Summary ................................................................................................ 258 Chapter 17 Machine Guarding ......................................................................... 259 17.1 Machine Guarding ................................................................................. 259 17.1.1 Types of Mechanical Components ........................................... 261 17.1.2 Types of Mechanical Motions .................................................. 261 17.1.3 Times When Hazards Are Most Frequent ................................ 262 17.2 Machine Guarding Assessment.............................................................. 262 17.3 Safeguarding Machines and Equipment ................................................ 265 17.4 Guards .................................................................................................... 265 17.4.1 Basic Safeguarding Methods .................................................... 266 17.4.2 Definition of a Guard................................................................ 266 17.4.3 Types of Guards........................................................................ 266 17.5 Safeguarding Devices ............................................................................ 267 17.6 Other Potential Safeguards .................................................................... 270 17.6.1 Foot Controls ............................................................................ 271 17.6.2 Control Machines with Clutches .............................................. 271 17.6.3 Do I Need to Safeguard Machinery?........................................ 272 17.6.4 Administrative Issues and Safeguarding................................... 272 17.7 Amputations ........................................................................................... 273 17.7.1 Machinery Associated with Amputations................................. 273 17.8 Summary ................................................................................................ 274 xii Chapter 18 Personal Protective Equipment and Controls ................................ 277 18.1 Controlling Hazards