Cardiovascular Risk Management.

levels of risk see risk assessment lifestyle changes, to reduce cardiovascular risk, 4, 36, 39, 40, 56 diet improvement, 52–4 healthy bodyweight, 51–2 high-risk patients, treatment approaches for, 55 physical activity, increase of, 54–5 psychosocial factors, 55 smoking cessation, 50, 51 treatment goals, 50 lifetime risk estimation, 10 lipid goals in high-risk patients, 34, 37 in individuals with diabetes type 2/Met Syn, 44, 45, 46 in moderate- to low-risk patients, 30–31 lipid-lowering agents, 58–60 lipid profi le, improving, 57 lipid-lowering agents, 58–60 monitoring, 60, 62 primary and secondary targets, 62 statins, 58–60 treatment goals, 60, 61 long-term management, of cardiovascular disease follow-up visits, 78 organisational barriers, 81–2 suboptimal treatment compliance, 78–9 treatment compliance, improving patient education, 79, 81 patient motivation, 81 patient self-reminding, 81 support, 81 treatment regimen simplifi cationmarkers, of cardiovascular risk, 85 metabolic syndrome (Met Syn), 21, 36, 37 clinical identifi cation, 22 features, 37 and type 2 diabetes patients, 41 individual risk assessment for, 41–2, 43, 44 treatment goals in, 44–8 metformin, 74 moderate- to low-risk patients CVD, primary prevention of, 28 population subgroup management, 33 regional guidelines, 29 treatment goals in, 28, 30–33 myocardial infarction (MI), 1, 3, 41 and blood pressure, 67–8 New Zealand guidelines, 20, 21 risk assessment charts from, 24–5 The New Zealand Guidelines Group (NZGG), 11, 13, 14 nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), 34 non-diabetic patients with renal disease in hypertension management, 69 non-fasting glucose, 15 obesity, 51, 52 reduction, interventions for, 84 oral glucose-lowering agents, 74 patient education, 55, 79, 81 patient motivation, 55, 81 patient self-reminding, 81 physical activity in bodyweight reduction, 47 and cardiovascular risk reduction, 54–5 counselling on, 84 in diabetes control, 71 population strategies, 4 population subgroups management, 33, 39 Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy (PROVE-IT), 60 prediabetes and blood pressure, 68–9 PREDICT system, 84 Prospective Cardiovascular Munster Heart Study (PROCAM), 4 psychosocial factors and cardiovascular health, 55 regional and national guidelines for CVD prevention, 35, 42, 51, 58, 64 for diabetes management, 43 regional guidelines, for cardiovascular risk management, 9 risk assessment people selection, 20–21 risk calculators, 21–2 risk factors measurement, 21 tools, 9 risk calculators, 4–5, 21–3, 26 risk calculators available online, 43 risk categories, according to different guidelines, 26 risk charts, 23, 24–5 risk factors, for CVD, 3–4, 8, 10, 19 measurement, 20–22 reduction, 39–40 risk management, 10–11 sitagliptin, 74 smoking cessation, 4, 30, 34, 50 statins, 58–60 stroke and blood pressure, 68 subclinical atherosclerosis, 21 Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), 4, 11, 22 risk charts, 23, 30 systolic hypertension, 69, 70 thiazide diuretics, 66, 68, 70 thiazolidinediones, 74 thrombotic risk reduction, 39 total cardiovascular disease risk, calculation of, 8–9 total cholesterol (TC), 30, 34, 36 transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and blood pressure, 68 Treating to New Targets (TNT), 60 treatment compliance improvement treatment regimen simplifi cation, 79, 80, 81 patient education, 79, 81 patient motivation, 81 patient self-reminding, 81 support, 81 treatment goals, in high-risk patients bodyweight reduction, 36–7 dietary modifi cation, 37–8 HDL-C and triglycerides, 36 high blood pressure reduction, 36 hyperglycaemia/insulin resistance reduction, 36, 38 LDL-C and total cholesterol, 34, 36 lipid levels improvement, 34 smoking cessation, 34, 36 thrombotic risk reduction, 39 treatment strategies, 40 triglycerides, 36 type 2 diabetes hyperglycaemia management, 75 insulin therapy in, 74–6 and metabolic syndrome (Met Syn) patients, 41 individual risk assessment for, 41–2, 43, 44 treatment goals in, 44–8 pharmacological options for, 72, 73–4 United Kingdom guidelines, 15 US National Cholesterol Education Program (US NCEP) guidelines, 28, 30, 31, 60 USA Third National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), 15 very high-risk patients, 34, 35 waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), 32 weight reduction, 31–2, 36–7, 47