Sampling and surveying radiological environments

Preface.......................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xiii About the Author .....................................................................................................xv About the Contributors ..........................................................................................xvii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................xix Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Summary of Major Environmental Laws and Regulations .......................................3 2.1 Environmental Laws .......................................................................................3 2.1.1 CERCLA, NCP, and SARA Compliance ..........................................4 2.1.1.1 Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study Process .............5 2.1.1.2 CERCLA Five-Year Review ............................................. 10 2.1.2 RCRA Compliance .......................................................................... 11 2.1.2.1 Solid Waste ....................................................................... 12 2.1.2.2 Hazardous Waste .............................................................. 12 2.1.3 TSCA Compliance ........................................................................... 19 2.1.4 NEPA Compliance ...........................................................................20 2.1.5 CWA Compliance ............................................................................ 21 2.1.6 SDWA Compliance ..........................................................................22 2.1.7 CAA Compliance .............................................................................23 2.2 Regulations Pertaining to Radionuclides ......................................................24 Chapter 3 Designing a Defensible Sampling Program .............................................................27 3.1 General Considerations When Designing a Sampling Program ...................28 3.2 DQO Implementation Process ......................................................................29 3.2.1 Planning Meeting .............................................................................29 3.2.2 Scoping ............................................................................................29 3.2.3 Regulatory Agency Interviews ........................................................30 3.2.4 Global Issues Meeting ...................................................................... 31 3.2.5 Seven-Step DQO Process ................................................................ 31 3.2.5.1 Step 1: State the Problem ................................................. 32 3.2.5.2 Step 2: Identify the Goals of the Study ............................39 3.2.5.3 Step 3: Identify Information Inputs .................................. 43 3.2.5.4 Step 4: Defi ne the Boundaries of the Study ..................... 47 3.2.5.5 Step 5: Develop the Analytic Approach ........................... 51 3.2.5.6 Step 6: Specify Performance or Acceptance Criteria ...... 53 3.2.5.7 Step 7: Develop the Plan for Obtaining Data ...................63 VIII CONTENTS 3.2.6 Preparing a DQO Summary Report ................................................85 3.2.7 Preparing a Sampling and Analysis Plan ........................................85 Chapter 4 Field Investigation Methods .....................................................................................89 4.1 Nonintrusive Methods ...................................................................................90 4.1.1 Aerial Photography ..........................................................................90 4.1.2 Surface Geophysical Surveying ....................................................... 91 4.1.2.1 Ground-Penetrating Radar ...............................................92 4.1.2.2 Electromagnetic Induction ...............................................93 4.1.2.3 Magnetics .........................................................................94 4.1.2.4 Electrical Resistivity ........................................................95 4.1.2.5 Seismic Surveying ............................................................97 4.1.2.6 Common Geophysical Techniques Used to Identify Unexploded Ordnance ......................................................97 4.1.3 Airborne Gamma Spectrometry Radiological Surveys ...................99 4.1.3.1 Instrumentation ..............................................................100 4.1.3.2 Flight Line Direction and Speed .................................... 101 4.1.3.3 Flying Heights and Spacing ........................................... 101 4.1.4 Global Positioning Environmental Radiological Surveyor (GPERS-II) .................................................................................... 102 4.1.5 In Situ Gamma Spectroscopy ........................................................ 102 4.1.6 Nonintrusive Building Characterization Methods ......................... 104 4.1.6.1 RadScan 800 .................................................................. 105 4.1.6.2 Laser-Assisted Ranging and Data System (LARADS) ..................................................................... 106 4.1.7 Ambient Air Sampling ................................................................... 107 4.2 Intrusive Methods ....................................................................................... 109 4.2.1 General Media Sampling ............................................................... 111 4.2.1.1 Sample Types ................................................................. 111 4.2.2 Soil Gas Surveying ........................................................................ 113 4.2.2.1 Field Screening Soil Gas Surveying Method ........................................................................... 115 4.2.2.2 Mobile Gas Chromatograph Soil Gas Surveying Method ........................................................................... 118 4.2.2.3 BESURE Soil Gas Surveying Method ...........................120 4.2.3 Downhole Screening Methods .......................................................126 4.2.3.1 Ribbon NAPL Sampler ..................................................126 4.2.3.2 Downhole Gross Gamma Logging ................................ 127 4.2.3.3 Downhole HPGe Logging ..............................................128 4.2.4 Soil Sampling ................................................................................. 128 4.2.4.1 Shallow Soil Sampling ................................................... 129 4.2.4.2 Deep Soil Sampling ........................................................ 147 4.2.5 Sediment Sampling ........................................................................ 149 CONTENTS IX 4.2.5.1 Stream, River, and Surface Water Drainage Sampling ......................................................................... 149 4.2.5.2 Pond, Lake, Retention Basin, and Tank Sampling ............................................................... 164 4.2.6 Surface Water and Liquid Waste Sampling ................................... 169 4.2.6.1 Stream, River, and Surface Water Drainage Sampling ......................................................................... 171 4.2.6.2 Pond, Lake, Retention Basin, and Tank Sampling ............................................................... 183 4.2.7 Groundwater Sampling .................................................................. 199 4.2.7.1 Direct Push Method .......................................................202 4.2.7.2 Monitoring Wells ............................................................205 4.2.7.3 Well Development .......................................................... 213 4.2.7.4 Well Purging................................................................... 214 4.2.7.5 Well Sampling ................................................................ 216 4.2.8 Drum and Waste Container Sampling ........................................... 232 4.2.8.1 Soil Sampling from Drums and Waste Containers ........ 232 4.2.8.2 Sludge Sampling from Waste Drums and Waste Containers ...................................................................... 233 4.2.8.3 Liquid Sampling from Waste Drums and Waste Containers ...................................................................... 235 4.2.9 Buildings Material Sampling ......................................................... 237 4.2.9.1 Swipe Sampling .............................................................. 237 4.2.9.2 Concrete Sampling ......................................................... 239 4.2.9.3 Paint Sampling ...............................................................242 4.2.10 Pipe Surveying ...............................................................................244 4.2.11 Remote Surveying ..........................................................................249 4.2.11.1 ANDROS Mark V-A1 ....................................................249 4.3 Defi ning Background Conditions ................................................................250 Chapter 5 Sample Preparation, Documentation, and Shipment ............................................. 253 5.1 Sample Preparation ..................................................................................... 253 5.2 Documentation ............................................................................................254 5.2.1 Field Logbooks .............................................................................. 255 5.2.2 Photographic Logbook ...................................................................256 5.2.3 Field Sampling Forms .................................................................... 257 5.2.4 Identifi cation and Shipping Documentation .................................. 257 5.2.5 Sample Labels ................................................................................ 257 5.2.6 Chain-of-Custody Forms and Seals ...............................................265 5.2.7 Other Important Documentation ................................................... 267 Chapter 6 Quality Control Sampling ......................................................................................269 X CONTENTS Chapter 7 Data Verifi cation and Validation ........................................................................... 271 7.1 Data Verifi cation ......................................................................................... 272 7.2 Data Validation ........................................................................................... 273 Chapter 8 Data Quality Assessment .......................................................................................277 8.1 DQA Step 1: Review the Project’s Objectives and Sampling Design .........277 8.2 DQA Step 2: Conduct a Preliminary Data Review ..................................... 278 8.3 DQA Step 3: Select the Statistical Method ................................................. 279 8.4 DQA Step 4: Verify the Assumptions of the Statistical Method ................282 8.5 DQA Step 5: Draw Conclusions from the Data ..........................................283 Chapter 9 Equipment Decontamination .................................................................................285 9.1 Chemical Decontamination Procedure .......................................................285 9.1.1 Large Equipment Decontamination Procedure .............................286 9.1.2 Sampling Equipment Decontamination Procedure .......................286 9.1.2.1 Organic and Inorganic Decontamination Procedure (EPA 2002) .....................................................................286 9.2 Radiological Decontamination Procedure ..................................................290 9.2.1 Tape Method ..................................................................................290 9.2.2 Manual Method .............................................................................. 291 9.2.3 HEPA Vacuum Method.................................................................. 291 9.2.4 High-Pressure-Wash Method .........................................................292 Chapter 10 Health and Safety ...................................................................................................293 10.1 Training Requirements................................................................................294 10.2 Medical Surveillance ..................................................................................294 10.3 Hazard Overview ........................................................................................296 10.4 Engineering Controls ..................................................................................297 10.5 Air Monitoring ............................................................................................297 10.6 Radiological Screening Instruments ...........................................................297 10.7 Site Control .................................................................................................298 10.8 Personal Protective Equipment ...................................................................299 Chapter 11 Management of Investigation-Derived Waste ........................................................303 Appendix................................................................................................................305 Index .................................................................................................................... 311