Agricultural chemicals and the environment.

Fertilizers and Nitrate Leaching 1 Thomas M. Addiscott 1 The Nitrate Problem 1 2 The Contribution of Fertilizer to the Nitrate Problem 5 3 The Contribution of Factors other than Nitrogen Fertilizers to the Nitrate Problem 17 4 What Can Be Said about the Long-term E¤ects of Nitrogen Fertilizer? 21 5 Conclusions 24 Eutrophication of Natural Waters and Toxic Algal Blooms 27 Alastair J.D. Ferguson, Mick J. Pearson and Colin S. Reynolds 1 Introduction 27 2 The Role of Agricultural Fertilizers in Aquatic Production 28 3 The Factors Controlling Algal Blooms 31 4 Sources of Nutrients 33 5 Control of Eutrophication and Toxic Blooms 35 6 Management Framework 39 7 Conclusions 40 Impact of Agricultural Pesticides on Water Quality 43 Kathryn R. Eke, Alan D. Barnden and David J. Tester 1 Introduction 43 2 Legislation 43 3 Pesticides and the Aquatic Environment 44 4 Recognition of Pesticide Pollution 44 5 The Harmonized Monitoring Scheme 45 6 Impact on the North Sea 47 7 Impact on Drinking Water Sources 47 8 Impact on Estuaries and Coastal Waters 52 9 Recent Pesticide Developments 52 10 Environmental Signiقcance 53 vii 11 Monitoring 54 12 The Future 55 13 Conclusion 56 Agricultural Nitrogen and Emissions to the Atmosphere 57 David Fowler, Mark A. Sutton, Utte Skiba and Ken J. Hargreaves 1 Introduction 57 2 Ammonia 59 3 Emissions of NO and N 2 O from Agricultural Soils 71 4 Conclusions 82 Drugs and Dietary Additives, Their Use in Animal Production and Potential Environmental Consequences 85 Thomas Acamovic and Colin S. Stewart 1 Introduction 85 2 Commercial Implications of the Use of Drugs and Dietary Additives 86 3 Compounds Encountered by Animals 87 4 E¤ects in Animals 90 5 Environmental E¤ects 93 6 The Gut Microbial Flora 95 7 Gastrointestinal Microorganisms and Feeding Strategy 96 8 Microbial Fermentation, CO 2 and CH 4 Formation 97 9 Methanogenesis from Acetate, Residence Time and Size of Ruminants 100 10 Methane and Ammonia Oxidation 100 11 Microbial Transformations and Interactions with the Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzyme (XME) System 101 12 Toxic Constituents of Plants 103 13 Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance 105 14 Conclusions 106 15 Acknowledgements 107 Detection, Analysis and Risk Assessment of Cyanobacterial Toxins 109 Steven G. Bell and Geo¤rey A. Codd 1 Introduction 109 2 Production and Properties of Cyanobacterial Toxins 111 3 Detection and Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins 113 4 Risk Assessment of Cyanobacterial Toxins 120 Subject Index 123 Contents