Introduction to neuropsychology,2nd ed

PART I. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. The Discipline of Neuropsychology 3 What Is Neuropsychology? 3 Branches of Neuropsychology 4 Comparative Neuropsychology 5 Conceptual Issues 6 Historical Background 8 Clinical Neuropsychology 11 Experimental Neuropsychology 14 Cognitive Neuropsychology 17 The Fringe 18 The Plan of This Book 19 Conclusion 20 CHAPTER 2. The Structure of the Central Nervous System 22 Terminology 23 The Environment of the CNS 24 The Spinal Cord 26 Divisions of the Brain 27 The Brain Stem 29 The Cerebellum 31 The Diencephalon—The Subcortical Forebrain 31 The Telencephalon—The Cerebral Cortex 35 Conclusion 40 xv PART II. CLINICAL STUDIES CHAPTER 3. The Frontal Lobes 45 Some Methodological Issues 45 Intelligence 48 Specific Functions 51 The Motor and Premotor Cortex 52 The Prefrontal Cortex 54 Broca’s Area 61 The Orbital Cortex 61 Modern Theories of Frontal Lobe Function 64 Lateralization of the Frontal Lobe 67 Conclusion 68 CHAPTER 4. The Temporal Lobes 72 Audition 74 Vision 78 Attention 78 Memory 80 Personality 89 Conclusion 91 CHAPTER 5. The Parietal Lobes 95 Somatosensory Perception 96 Tactile Perception and Body Sense 98 Spatial Orientation 101 Spatial Neglect 104 Symbolic Syntheses 108 Apraxia 109 Intersensory Association 113 Short-Term Memory 113 Gerstmann Syndrome 113 Language 114 Conclusion 114 CHAPTER 6. The Occipital Lobes 118 Anatomical Divisions 118 Basic Visual Functions 121 Visual Perceptual Functions 123 Blindsight 127 Visual Prostheses 128 Conclusion 129 Integration of Cortical Functions 130 CHAPTER 7. Language 134 The Lateralization of Language 134 Varieties of Aphasia 136 xvi Contents Anatomical Structures 139 The Forms of Aphasia 141 Aphasia Assessment 150 The Rehabilitation of Aphasics 151 Conclusion 153 CHAPTER 8. Degenerative Diseases and Profound Brain Injury 159 Multiple Sclerosis 160 Parkinson’s Disease 162 Huntington’s Disease 165 Profound Brain Injury 167 CHAPTER 9. The Subcortex and Psychosurgery 180 Neurosurgery 182 Psychosurgery 185 Conclusion 191 PART III. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES CHAPTER 10. Split Brains and Dual Minds 199 The Commissurotomy Operation and the Patients 200 The Effects of Commissurotomy 202 Consciousness Divided? 211 Conclusion 215 CHAPTER 11. Divided Visual Field Studies 220 The Technique 221 The Evidence 224 The Theories 234 Conclusion 239 CHAPTER 12. Dichotic Listening 245 The Technique 245 Lateral Ear Asymmetries 247 Attention 252 An Index of Lateralization 255 Conclusion 256 Other Methods in Experimental Neuropsychology 257 CHAPTER 13. Electrophysiology and Imaging 263 Electrophysiology 263 Minor Physiological Techniques 279 Brain Imaging 280 Conclusion 285 Contents xvii CHAPTER 14. Individual Differences: Gender and Handedness 292 Gender Differences in Cerebral Organization 292 Handedness 297 Conclusion 309 PART IV. APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 15. Neuropsychological Practice 317 Testing for Brain Damage 318 The Assessment of Specific Functions 323 Assessment in Practice 329 Rehabilitation 332 Conclusion 336 CHAPTER 16. Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology 340 Neuropsychiatry 341 Functional States and Laterality 345 Theoretical Models 350 Conclusion 354 Author Index 360 Subject Index 370 Index of Tests and Procedures