Biosolids engineering and management

1. Transport and Pumping of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang........................................................... 1 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Sewage Sludge and Biosolids.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Biosolids Applications ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Transport and Pumping of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids............................................................................... 2 2. Pumping..................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Types of Sludge and Biosolids Pumps............................................................................................................. 3 2.2. Application and Performance Evaluation of Sludge and Sludge/Biosolids Pumps...................................... 12 2.3. Control Considerations..................................................................................................................................... 14 3. Pipelines..................................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1. Pipe, Fittings, and Valves................................................................................................................................. 18 3.2. Long-Distance Transport.................................................................................................................................. 18 3.3. Headloss Calculations...................................................................................................................................... 21 3.4. Design Guidance............................................................................................................................................... 22 3.5. In-Line Grinding............................................................................................................................................... 26 3.6. Cost.................................................................................................................................................................... 26 4. Dewatered Wastewater Solids Conveyance.............................................................................................................. 28 4.1. Manual Transport of Screenings and Grit........................................................................................................ 29 4.2. Belt Conveyors.................................................................................................................................................. 29 4.3. Screw Conveyors .............................................................................................................................................. 32 4.4. Positive-Displacement–Type Conveyors.......................................................................................................... 33 4.5. Pneumatic Conveyors....................................................................................................................................... 33 4.6. Chutes and Inclined Planes.............................................................................................................................. 36 4.7. Odors ................................................................................................................................................................. 36 5. Long-Distance Wastewater Solids Hauling.............................................................................................................. 36 5.1. Truck Transportation........................................................................................................................................ 37 5.2. Rail Transportation........................................................................................................................................... 42 5.3. Barge Transportation........................................................................................................................................ 47 5.4. Design of Sludge/Biosolids Hauling................................................................................................................ 51 5.5. Example............................................................................................................................................................. 54 6. Potential Risk to Biosolids Exposure....................................................................................................................... 55 6.1. Biosolids Constituents that Require Control of Worker Exposure................................................................. 56 6.2. Steps to Be Taken for Protection of Workers................................................................................................... 57 Nomenclature................................................................................................................................................................. 59 References....................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Appendix......................................................................................................................................................................... 64 2. Conversion of Sewage Sludge to Biosolids Omotayo S. Amuda, An Deng, Abbas O. Alade, and Yung-Tse Hung................................................................................................... 65 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................................... 65 1.1. Sewage and Sewage Sludge Generation........................................................................................................... 65 1.2. Composition and Characteristics of Sewage.................................................................................................... 66 1.3. Sewage and Sewage Sludge Treatment............................................................................................................ 68 1.4. Biosolids Regulations....................................................................................................................................... 70 xi xii Contents 2. Sewage Clarification................................................................................................................................................. 72 2.1. Sedimentation Clarification............................................................................................................................ 72 2.2. Flotation Clarification..................................................................................................................................... 72 2.3. Membrane Clarification.................................................................................................................................. 73 3. Sewage Sludge Stabilization.................................................................................................................................... 73 3.1. Aerobic Stabilization...................................................................................................................................... 74 3.2. Alkaline Stabilization..................................................................................................................................... 75 3.3. Advanced Alkaline Stabilization................................................................................................................... 77 3.4. Anaerobic Digestion....................................................................................................................................... 77 3.5. Composting..................................................................................................................................................... 84 3.6. Pasteurization.................................................................................................................................................. 86 3.7. Deep-Shaft Digestion..................................................................................................................................... 87 4. Conditioning.............................................................................................................................................................. 87 4.1. Chemical Conditioning .................................................................................................................................. 87 4.2. Heat Conditioning........................................................................................................................................... 88 4.3. Cell Destruction.............................................................................................................................................. 89 4.4. Odor Conditioning.......................................................................................................................................... 90 4.5. Electrocoagulation.......................................................................................................................................... 91 4.6. Enzyme Conditioning..................................................................................................................................... 92 4.7. Freezing........................................................................................................................................................... 92 5. Thickening................................................................................................................................................................. 93 5.1. Gravity Thickening......................................................................................................................................... 93 5.2. Centrifugation Thickening............................................................................................................................. 95 5.3. Gravity Belt Thickening................................................................................................................................. 97 5.4. Flotation Thickening...................................................................................................................................... 97 5.5. Rotary Drum Thickening............................................................................................................................... 97 5.6. Anoxic Gas Flotation Thickening................................................................................................................... 97 5.7. Membrane Thickening................................................................................................................................... 99 5.8. Recuperative Thickening................................................................................................................................100 5.9. Metal Screen Thickening...............................................................................................................................100 6. Dewatering and Drying.............................................................................................................................................100 6.1. Belt Filter Press...............................................................................................................................................100 6.2. Recessed-Plate Filter Press............................................................................................................................101 6.3. Centrifuges......................................................................................................................................................103 6.4. Drying Beds....................................................................................................................................................104 6.5. Vacuum Filtration...........................................................................................................................................106 6.6. Electro-Dewatering.........................................................................................................................................107 6.7. Metal Screen Filtration...................................................................................................................................107 6.8. Textile Media Filtration..................................................................................................................................108 6.9. Membrane Filter Press....................................................................................................................................109 6.10. Thermal Conditioning and Dewatering..........................................................................................................109 6.11. Drying..............................................................................................................................................................109 7. Other Processes.........................................................................................................................................................113 7.1. Focused Electrode Leak Locator (FELL) Electroscanning...........................................................................113 7.2. Lystek Thermal/Chemical Process.................................................................................................................113 7.3. Kiln Injection..................................................................................................................................................113 8. Case Study.................................................................................................................................................................114 9. Summary....................................................................................................................................................................114 Acronyms........................................................................................................................................................................114 References.......................................................................................................................................................................115 3. Biosolids Thickening-Dewatering and Septage Treatment Nazih K. Shammas, Azni Idris, Katayon Saed, Yung-Tse Hung, and Lawrence K. Wang.............................................................................................121 1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................122 2. Expressor Press .........................................................................................................................................................123 3. Som-A-System..........................................................................................................................................................125 4. CentriPress.................................................................................................................................................................127 Contents xiii 5. Hollin Iron Works Screw Press..............................................................................................................................128 6. Sun Sludge System.................................................................................................................................................132 7. Wedgewater Bed.....................................................................................................................................................134 8. Vacuum-Assisted Bed.............................................................................................................................................136 9. Reed Bed.................................................................................................................................................................137 10. Sludge-Freezing Bed..............................................................................................................................................139 11. Biological Flotation................................................................................................................................................140 12. Septage Treatment...................................................................................................................................................140 12.1. Receiving Station (Dumping Station/Storage Facilities)............................................................................140 12.2. Receiving Station (Dumping Station, Pretreatment, Equalization)............................................................141 12.3. Land Application of Septage........................................................................................................................142 12.4. Lagoon Disposal...........................................................................................................................................144 12.5. Composting...................................................................................................................................................145 12.6. Odor Control.................................................................................................................................................146 References.......................................................................................................................................................................147 4. Waste Chlorination and Stabilization Lawrence K. Wang.....................................................................................................151 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................151 1.1. Process Introduction.....................................................................................................................................151 1.2. Glossary.........................................................................................................................................................152 2. Wastewater Chlorination ........................................................................................................................................153 2.1. Process Description......................................................................................................................................153 2.2. Design and Operation Considerations..........................................................................................................154 2.3. Process Equipment and Control ...................................................................................................................157 2.4. Design Example—Design of a Wastewater Chlorine Contact Chamber...................................................158 2.5. Application Example—Coxsackie Sewage Treatment Plant, Coxsackie, NY, USA.......................................................................................................................................................165 3. Sludge Chlorination and Stabilization...................................................................................................................167 3.1. Process Description......................................................................................................................................167 3.2. Design and Operation Considerations..........................................................................................................169 3.3. Process Equipment and Control ...................................................................................................................171 3.4. Application Example—Coxsackie Sewage Treatment Plant, Coxsackie, NY, USA.......................................................................................................................................................178 4. Septage Chlorination and Stabilization..................................................................................................................183 4.1. Process Description......................................................................................................................................183 4.2. Design and Operation Considerations..........................................................................................................184 4.3. Process Equipment and Control ...................................................................................................................186 4.4. Design Criteria..............................................................................................................................................186 5. Safety Considerations of Chlorination Processes..................................................................................................187 6. Recent Advances in Waste Disinfection.................................................................................................................188 Nomenclature.................................................................................................................................................................189 Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................................189 References.......................................................................................................................................................................190 5. Storage of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang...........................................................193 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................193 1.1. Need for Storage...........................................................................................................................................194 1.2. Risks and Benefits of Solids Storage Within Wastewater Treatment Systems..........................................194 1.3. Storage Within Wastewater Sludge Treatment Processes...........................................................................194 1.4. Field Storage of Biosolids............................................................................................................................195 1.5. Effects of Storage on Wastewater Solids .....................................................................................................195 1.6. Types of Storage...........................................................................................................................................196 2. Wastewater Treatment Storage...............................................................................................................................197 2.1. Storage Within Wastewater Treatment Processes........................................................................................197 2.2. Storage Within Wastewater Sludge Treatment Processes...........................................................................206 xiv Contents 3. Facilities Dedicated to Storage of Liquid Sludge....................................................................................................208 3.1. Holding Tanks...................................................................................................................................................208 3.2. Facultative Sludge Lagoons.............................................................................................................................213 3.3. Anaerobic Liquid Sludge Lagoons...................................................................................................................229 3.4. Aerated Storage Basins....................................................................................................................................232 4. Facilities Dedicated to Storage of Dewatered Sludge..............................................................................................233 4.1. Drying Sludge Lagoons....................................................................................................................................234 4.2. Confined Hoppers or Bins................................................................................................................................237 4.3. Unconfined Stockpiles......................................................................................................................................241 5. Field Storage of Biosolids........................................................................................................................................242 5.1. Management of Storage....................................................................................................................................243 5.2. Odors .................................................................................................................................................................245 5.3. Water Quality....................................................................................................................................................250 5.4. Pathogens ..........................................................................................................................................................255 6. Design Examples.......................................................................................................................................................261 Nomenclature.................................................................................................................................................................267 References.......................................................................................................................................................................267 Appendix.........................................................................................................................................................................272 6. Regulations and Costs of Biosolids Disposal and Reuse Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang...........................................................273 1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................274 1.1. Historical Background......................................................................................................................................274 1.2. Background of the Part 503 Rule......................................................................................................................275 1.3. Risk Assessment Basis of the Part 503 Rule....................................................................................................276 1.4. Overview of the Rule........................................................................................................................................276 2. Land Application of Biosolids.................................................................................................................................277 2.1. Pollutant Limits, and Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements..........................................280 2.2. Options for Meeting Land Application Requirements....................................................................................280 2.3. General Requirements and Management Practices.........................................................................................290 2.4. Frequency of Monitoring Requirements..........................................................................................................292 2.5. Record-Keeping and Reporting Requirements................................................................................................292 2.6. Domestic Septage.............................................................................................................................................293 2.7. Liability Issues and Enforcement Oversight....................................................................................................293 3. Surface Disposal of Biosolids..................................................................................................................................294 3.1. General Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites...........................................................................................295 3.2. Pollutant Limits for Biosolids Placed on Surface Disposal Sites...................................................................296 3.3. Management Practices for Surface Disposal of Biosolids..............................................................................297 3.4. Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites....................................................................................................................................................302 3.5. Frequency of Monitoring Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites..............................................................303 3.6. Record-Keeping and Reporting Requirements for Surface Disposal Sites....................................................305 3.7. Regulatory Requirements for Surface Disposal of Domestic Septage...........................................................305 4. Incineration of Biosolids ..........................................................................................................................................305 4.1. Pollutant Limits for Biosolids Fired in a Biosolids Incinerator......................................................................306 4.2. Total Hydrocarbons..........................................................................................................................................314 4.3. Management Practices for Biosolids Incineration...........................................................................................316 4.4. Frequency of Monitoring Requirements for Biosolids Incineration ..............................................................317 4.5. Record-Keeping and Reporting Requirements for Biosolids Incineration....................................................320 5. Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements......................................................................................320 5.1. Pathogen Reduction Alternatives.....................................................................................................................320 5.2. Requirements for Reducing Vector Attraction.................................................................................................328 6. Costs...........................................................................................................................................................................332 6.1. Description of Alternatives..............................................................................................................................333 6.2. Cost Relationships.......................................................................................................