Textiles for protection

Contributor contact details xv Introduction xxi R A SCOTT, RASCOTEX, UK Part I Materials and design 1 Overview of protective clothing 3 W ZHOU, N REDDY and Y YANG, University of Nebraska ± Lincoln, USA 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Market prospects 3 1.3 Classification 5 1.4 Materials and technologies 15 1.5 Future of personal protection 22 1.6 References 25 2 Standards for protective textiles 31 J HAASE, STFI, Germany 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Requirements 35 2.3 International standards 42 2.4 Certification 45 2.5 Future trends 53 2.6 Sources of further information and advice 55 2.7 References 58 Contents 3 Fashion and function ± factors affecting the design and use of protective clothing 31 S BL A C K , V KA P S A L I , J BO U G O U R D and F GE E S I N , London College of Fashion, UK 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Factors influencing the design development process 32 3.3 Clothing systems and functionality 73 3.4 Reconciling fashion and function 81 3.5 Future trends 85 3.6 Sources of further information 88 3.7 References 88 4 Steps in the selection of protective clothing materials 90 A S H AW, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, USA 4.1 Introduction 90 4.2 Assess hazards 92 4.3 Identify relevant standards, specifications or guidelines 94 4.4 Screen materials based on protection performance 96 4.5 Selection of materials based on other major factors 106 4.6 Future trends 109 4.7 Sources of further information and advice 114 4.8 References 115 5 Fibres and fabrics for protective textiles 117 J W S HE A R L E , Consultant, UK 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 More extensible fibres 120 5.3 Carbon fibres 124 5.4 Aramid and related fibres 126 5.5 High-modulus polyethylene 129 5.6 PBO and M5 130 5.7 Inorganic fibres 131 5.8 Resistant polymer fibres 133 5.9 Nano-fibres 137 5.10 Fibres to fabrics 140 5.11 References 147 6 Technical textiles for protection 151 P P O T L U R I and P NE E D H AM, University of Manchester, UK 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Technical textiles 151 6.3 Types of hazards 164 vi Contents 6.4 Mechanical hazards 165 6.5 Pressure hazards 168 6.6 Environmental and fire hazards 169 6.7 Chemical and biological hazards 169 6.8 Electrical and radiation hazards 172 6.9 Future trends 173 6.10 References 173 7 Intelligent textiles for protection 176 L VA N L A N G E N H O V E , R P U E R S and D MA T T H Y S , University of Ghent, Belgium 7.1 Introduction 176 7.2 Applications of smart textiles for protective purposes 178 7.3 Sensor function 180 7.4 Data processing 185 7.5 Actuators 185 7.6 Energy 188 7.7 Communication 188 7.8 Thermal protection 190 7.9 Electric actuation 193 7.10 A story on impact protection 193 7.11 References 193 8 Surface treatments for protective textiles 196 R BU C K L E Y , Eastgate Consulting, UK 8.1 Introduction 196 8.2 Types of surface treatment 196 8.3 Early treatments for protective textiles 197 8.4 Progression to modern treatments 198 8.5 Choice of treatments in relation to fibre and fabric types 199 8.6 Treatment process fundamentals 201 8.7 Treatment application systems 207 8.8 Brief overview of finishes for protection 209 8.9 Future trends 214 8.10 References 215 9 Evaluation of protective clothing systems using manikins 217 E A MCCU L L O U G H , Kansas State University, USA 9.1 Introduction 217 9.2 Thermal manikins 218 9.3 Measuring the insulation of protective clothing systems 220 Contents vii 9.4 Measuring the evaporative resistance of protective clothing systems 223 9.5 Ensemble data 225 9.6 Moving manikins 225 9.7 Manikin tests vs. fabric tests 229 9.8 Using manikins under transient conditions 230 9.9 Conclusions 230 9.10 References 230 10 Interactions between protection and thermal comfort 233 R RO S S I , EMPA, Switzerland 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Definition of comfort 233 10.3 Test methods for heat and moisture transfer 238 10.4 Measurement of thermal comfort with practice-related tests ± interactions between heat and mass transfer 244 10.5 Moisture storage and influences on protection 248 10.6 Future trends 251 10.7 References 253 11 Modeling thermal burn injury protection 261 G S O N G , University of Alberta, Canada 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 Thermal hazard and lab simulation 264 11.3 Modeling heat transfer in protective fabrics 267 11.4 Heat transfer models 268 11.5 Modeling thermal degradation in fabrics 271 11.6 Skin heat transfer model and burn evaluation 272 11.7 Manikin fire heat test model development 276 11.8 Model predictions 283 11.9 References 289 Part II General protection requirements and applications 12 Civilian protection and protection of industrial workers from chemicals 295 J O S T U L L , International Personal Protection Inc., USA 12.1 Introduction 295 12.2 Classification of chemical protective clothing 295 12.3 Garment types, materials, design features and sizing 301 viii Contents 12.4 Garment material chemical resistance testing 313 12.5 Overall CPC integrity performance 333 12.6 Other CPC performance properties 340 12.7 CPC specification and classification standards 343 12.8 Summary 345 12.9 References 346 12.10 Appendix: List of referenced standards 348 13 Textiles for UV protection 355 A K S A R K A R , Colorado State University, USA 13.1 Introduction 355 13.2 Ultraviolet radiation 356 13.3 Assessment of ultraviolet protection of textiles 356 13.4 Standards for UV protective textiles 361 13.5 Textiles as protection from ultraviolet radiation 363 13.6 Future trends 373 13.7 References 374 14 Textiles for protection against cold 378 I HO LMEÂ R , Lund Technical University, Sweden 14.1 Introduction 378 14.2 The cold environment 378 14.3 Energy metabolism, heat production and physical work 380 14.4 The human heat balance equation 381 14.5 Requirements for protection 383 14.6 Measurements of clothing performance 384 14.7 Performance of clothing for cold protection 387 14.8 Specific materials and textiles for cold protection 392 14.9 Sources of further information 395 14.10 References 395 15 Thermal (heat and fire) protection 398 R HO R R O C K S , University of Bolton, UK 15.1 Introduction 398 15.2 Fire science factors 399 15.3 Flame retardant fibres and textiles 403 15.4 Heat and fire resistant fibres and textiles 411 15.5 Design issues 418 15.6 Testing and performance 423 15.7 Future trends 436 15.8 References 437 Contents ix 16 Microorganism protection 441 K K L E O N A S , University of Georgia, USA 16.1 Introduction 441 16.2 Bacterial and liquid transmission through fabrics 443 16.3 Fabrics used in gowns and drapes 446 16.4 Fabric properties that influence barrier properties 451 16.5 Gown design 451 16.6 Guidelines, recommended standards, practices and regulations 452 16.7 Related studies 458 16.8 Critical issues today 460 16.9 References 461 17 Textiles for respiratory protection 465 I KR U C INÂ S K A , Technical University of Lodz, Poland 17.1 Introduction 465 17.2 Filtration theories 466 17.3 Theories describing the breathing resistance 478 17.4 Manufacturing methods of filtration materials used for respiratory tract protection 478 17.5 Assessment of filter materials used for protection of the respiratory tract 493 17.6 References 499 17.7 Appendix: notation 501 18 Electrostatic protection 503 J A GO N Z A L E Z , University of Alberta, Canada 18.1 Introduction 503 18.2 Principles of electrostatics 504 18.3 Electrostatic hazards 509 18.4 Measurement techniques 512 18.5 Abatement of static electricity 517 18.6 Future trends 520 18.7 Sources of further information and advice 522 18.8 References 524 19 Ballistic protection 529 X CH E N and I CH A U D H R Y , The University of Manchester, UK 19.1 Introduction 529 19.2 History of body armours 530 19.3 Ballistic protective materials 532 x Contents 19.4 Fabric structures used for body armour 537 19.5 Working mechanism of body armour 539 19.6 United States NIJ test methods for bullet resistant armours 541 19.7 Design and manufacture of ballistic body armour 545 19.8 Ballistic helmets 549 19.9 Future trends 551 19.10 References and further reading 554 20 Chemical and biological protection 557 Q TR U O N G and E WI L U S Z , Natick Soldier Center, USA 20.1 Introduction 557 20.2 Current CB protective clothing and individual equipment standards 561 20.3 Different types of materials 564 20.4 Proper protective material designs 567 20.5 Clothing system designs 571 20.6 Testing and evaluation of CB protective materials and clothing systems 573 20.7 Future trends 581 20.8 Acknowledgments 582 20.9 References 582 Appendix 1: Chemical warfare agent characteristics 585 Appendix 2: Selected biological agent characteristics 588 Appendix 3: Protective gloves and shoes 591 Appendix 4: Overgarment and other chemical protective clothing systems 592 Appendix 5: ITAP, STEPO and other selected civilian emergency response slothing systems 593 Appendix 6: Toxic industrial chemicals 594 Part III Case studies 21 Military protection 597 R A S C O T T , RASCOTEX, UK 21.1 Introduction 597 21.2 General requirements for military protective textiles 598 21.3 Textiles for environmental protection 599 21.4 Military combat clothing systems 602 21.5 Thermal and water vapour resistance data for combat clothing systems 603 21.6 Ballistic protection 604 Contents xi 21.7 Camouflage, concealment and deception 609 21.8 Flames, heat and flash protection 613 21.9 Nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection 616 21.10 Future trends 617 21.11 References 619 22 Firefighters'protective clothing 622 H MAÈ K I N E N , Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland 22.1 Introduction 622 22.2 Different tasks and environments 622 22.3 Types of clothing needed for protection 627 22.4 Materials used in firefighters' protective clothing 629 22.5 Design, sizing and ergonomics 635 22.6 Effect of moisture on thermal protection 638 22.7 Selection, use and care 639 22.8 Future trends 640 22.9 Conclusion 642 22.10 References 642 23 Protection against knives and other weapons 648 P F E N N E , Metropolitan Police, UK 23.1 Introduction 648 23.2 History 649 23.3 Police requirements 650 23.4 Knife performance 652 23.5 Fundamental principles of knife impact 655 23.6 Knife protection design principles 659 23.7 Protection levels 660 23.8 Test methodology 663 23.9 Stab resistant body armour construction and manufacture 671 23.10 Future trends 676 23.11 References 676 24 Flight suits for military aviators 678 E M CR OWN and L CA P J A C K , The University of Alberta, Canada 24.1 Introduction 678 24.2 Hazards of military aircraft operation 678 24.3 Performance requirements for military flight suits 680 24.4 Contribution of materials to meeting performance requirements 685 24.5 Contribution of garment design parameters 687 xii Contents 24.6 Future trends 693 24.7 Conclusions 694 24.8 Bibliography 694 25 Protection for workers in the oil and gas industries 699 E M CR OWN and J D DA L E , University of Alberta, Canada 25.1 Introduction 699 25.2 Hazards in the work environment 700 25.3 Requirements and performance of protective clothing 700 25.4 Maintenance of thermal protective performance properties 707 25.5 Future trends 710 25.6 Bibliography 710 26 Motorcyclists 714 P VA R N S V E R R Y , PVA Technical File Services Limited, UK 26.1 Introduction 714 26.2 Motorcycle clothing in the past 714 26.3 Development of European Standards 717 26.4 Impact abrasion resistance tests 720 26.5 Other test methods 723 26.6 Manufacture of textile garments 724 26.7 Police motorcyclists' clothing trials 729 26.8 Acknowledgement 732 26.9 References 732 26.10 Appendix 733 Index 734