CNS cancer : models, markers, prognostic factors, targets, and therapeutic approaches

Part I Animal Models for Central Nervous Tumors 1 Modeling Gliomas Using PDGF-Expressing Retroviruses . . . . . . . . . 3 Marcela Assanah, Kim A. Lopez, Jeffrey N. Bruce, and Peter Canoll 2 Modeling Brain Tumors Using Avian Retroviral Gene Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Tod D. Holland and Eric C. Holland 3 Using Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Mouse Models to Understand Human Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 David H. Gutmann 4 Transgenic Mouse Models of CNS Tumors: Using Genetically Engineered Murine Models to Study the Role of p21-Ras in Glioblastoma Multiforme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Diana Munoz, Sameer Agnihotri, and Abhijit Guha 5 Pten-Deficient Mouse Models for High-Grade Astrocytomas . . . . . . 77 Chang-Hyuk Kwon 6 The Nf1–/þ;Trp53–/þcis Mouse Model of Anaplastic Astrocytoma and Secondary Glioblastoma: Dissecting Genetic Susceptibility to Brain Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Karlyne M. Reilly 7 Modeling Astrocytomas in a Family of Inducible Genetically Engineered Mice: Implications for Preclinical Cancer Drug Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 C. Ryan Miller, Natalie O. Karpinich, Qian Zhang, Elizabeth Bullitt, Serguei Kozlov, and Terry Van Dyke xiii 8 Human Brain Tumor Cell and Tumor Tissue TransplantationModels. . 147 Tomoko Ozawa and C. David James 9 Transformed Human Brain Cells in Culture as a Model for Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Russell O. Pieper 10 Rat Glioma Models for Preclinical Evaluation of Novel Therapeutic and Diagnostic Modalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Balveen Kaur and Rolf F. Barth 11 Neuro-oncogenesis Induced by Nitroso Compounds in Rodents and Strain-Specific Genetic Modifiers of Predisposition . . . . . . . . . . 207 Bernd U. Koelsch and Andrea Kindler-Ro¨ hrborn 12 The Murine GL261 Glioma Experimental Model to Assess Novel Brain Tumor Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Elizabeth W. Newcomb and David Zagzag 13 Spontaneous Occurrence of Brain Tumors in Animals: Opportunities as Preclinical Model Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Simon R. Platt Part II Prognostic Factors and Biomarkers 14 p53 Pathway Alterations in Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Shaoman Yin and Erwin G. Van Meir 15 The PTEN/PI3 Kinase Pathway in Human Glioma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 David Stokoe and Frank B. Furnari 16 Value of 1p/19q and Other LOH Markers for Brain Tumor Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Jean-Louis Boulay and Adrian Merlo 17 Discovery of Genetic Markers for Brain Tumors by Comparative Genomic Hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Anjan Misra and Burt G. Feuerstein 18 Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Brain Cancer . . . . . 395 Rameen Beroukhim, Gaddy Getz, and Ingo K. Mellinghoff 19 Oncomodulatory Role of the Human Cytomegalovirus in Glioblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Liliana Soroceanu and Charles S. Cobbs xiv Contents 20 Aberrant EGFR Signaling in Glioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 YeoHyeon Hwang, Khatri Latha, Anupama Gururaj, Marta Rojas, and Oliver Bogler 21 Mechanisms of Brain Tumor Angiogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Bo Hu and Shi-Yuan Cheng 22 Vaso-occlusive Mechanisms that Intiate Hypoxia and Necrosis in Glioblastoma: The Role of Thrombosis and Tissue Factor . . . . . . . 507 Yuan Rong and Daniel J. Brat 23 Transcription Profiling of Brain Tumors: Tumor Biology and Treatment Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 Erik P. Sulman, Marisol Guerrero, and Ken Aldape 24 Proteomic Profiling of Human Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Rongcai Jiang, Jian Yi Li, Gregory N. Fuller, and Wei Zhang 25 Proteomic Discovery of Biomarkers in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Brain Tumor Patients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Fatima W. Khwaja and Erwin G. Van Meir 26 Epigenetic Profiling of Gliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Raman P. Nagarajan and Joseph F. Costello 27 MicroRNAs in the Central Nervous System and Potential Roles of RNA Interference in Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Benjamin Purow 28 Of Escherichia coli and Man: Understanding Glioma Resistance to Temozolomide Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 Clark C. Chen, Kristopher T. Kahle, Kimberly Ng, Masayuki Nitta, and Alan D’Andrea 29 Brain Tumor Stem Cell Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 Jeremy N. Rich Part III Therapeutic Targets and Targeting Approaches 30 Clinical Agents for the Targeting of Brain Tumor Vasculature . . . . . 731 Elizabeth R. Gerstner and Tracy T. Batchelor 31 Bone Marrow-Derived Cells in GBM Neovascularization . . . . . . . . . 749 Gabriele Bergers Contents xv 32 Vascular Targeting of Brain Tumors – Bridging the Gap with Phage Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 Michael G. Ozawa, Fernanda I. Staquicini, Richard L. Sidman, Renata Pasqualini, and Wadih Arap 33 Impact of the Blood–Brain Barrier on Brain Tumor Imaging and Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 James Provenzale 34 Targeting CXCR4 in Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 Hyunsuk Shim 35 Molecular Targeting of IL-13Ra2 and EphA2 Receptor in GBM . . . 847 Waldemar Debinski and Jill Wykosky 36 Molecular Targets for Antibody-Mediated Immunotherapy of Malignant Glioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Joanne E. Ayriss, Chien-Tsun Kuan, Susan T. Boulton, David A. Reardon, and Darell D. Bigner 37 Stat3 Oncogenic Signaling in Glioblastoma Multiforme . . . . . . . . . . 899 Saikh Jaharul Haque and Pankaj Sharma 38 Inhibition of Ras Signaling for Brain Tumor Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Sameer Agnihotri, Diana Munoz, and Abhijit Guha 39 HGF/c-Met Signaling and Targeted Therapeutics in Brain Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Roger Abounader and John Laterra 40 Combinatorial Therapeutic Strategies for Blocking Kinase Pathways in Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 Paul H. Huang and Forest M. White 41 Targeting of TRAIL Apoptotic Pathways for Glioblastoma Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 Anita C. Bellail, Patrick Mulligan, and Chunhai Hao 42 The NF-kB Signaling Pathway in GBMs: Implications for Apoptotic and Inflammatory Responses and Exploitation for Therapy. . . . . . . . 1011 Travis Laver, Susan Nozell, and Etty N. Benveniste 43 Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress for Malignant Glioma Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037 Peter Pyrko, Axel H. Scho¨ nthal, and Thomas C. Chen xvi Contents 44 Brain Cancer Stem Cells as Targets of Novel Therapies . . . . . . . . . . 1057 Jennifer M. Atkinson, Richard J. Gilbertson, and Jeremy N. Rich 45 The Use of Retinoids as Differentiation Agents Against Medulloblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077 Matthew Wortham and Hai Yan 46 Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) for Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105 Costas G. Hadjipanayis 47 The Development of Targeted Cancer Gene-Therapy Adenoviruses for High-Grade Glioma Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137 Dawn E. Post and Erwin G. Van Meir 48 Harnessing T-Cell Immunity to Target Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165 Paul R. Walker, Robert M. Prins, Pierre-Yves Dietrich, and Linda M. Liau 49 Glioma Invasion: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Challenges . . . . . . . . 1219 Mariano S. Viapiano and Sean E. Lawler Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .