Environmental management in organizations : the IEMA handbook

List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xii About the Contributors xvi Foreword xxi Acknowledgements xxiv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxv Introduction xxxi Section 1 Environment and Sustainable Development 1.1 The Earth’s Natural Systems 3 The origins of the Earth 3 The living system of planet Earth 4 Natural laws and living organisms 4 Nature’s cycles 6 Biological diversity 7 Human ecology 8 Our industrial legacy 9 Rediscovering our nature 10 Further reading 11 1.2 The State of the Global Environment 12 All things are linked 12 Material behaviour within nature’s cycles 12 Pollutants within the Earth system 14 Physical degradation of natural systems 16 The human population 16 Overburdening an interconnected world 17 Trends in water 18 Biodiversity struggling on 20 Shrinking earth, vanishing forests, barren oceans and empty food baskets 21 Caught in the cross-winds 22 The human cost 24 Money makes the world go around 25 Our common destiny 26 References and further reading 27 1.3 Sustainability and Sustainable Development 28 A track record of progress 28 The funnel effect 33 Sustainability principles 34 Systems thinking 36 Backcasting 39 The social dimension of sustainable development 40 Models of sustainability and sustainable development 41 Transformation 45 Making sense of sustainable development 46 References and further reading 46 Section 2 Policy and Legislation 2.1 Overview of the Law and International Legislation 51 Introduction 51 What is law? 51 Types of law 52 How laws arise 52 Environmental principles 54 When laws are breached 55 Aspects of international law 57 International trade and the environment 59 References and further reading 60 2.2 European Union Environmental Policy and Legislation 62 Introduction 62 Europe’s environment 62 Making policy 64 The Sixth EAP, ‘Our Future, Our Choice’, 2001–2010 66 Implementation and enforcement of legislation 67 Climate change 69 Strategy for chemicals 71 The challenge of enlargement 72 The future of EU environmental policy 73 References and further reading 73 2.3 The UK Legislative Context 75 Introduction 75 The planning system 77 IPP and IPPC 79 The control of air pollution 86 Water pollution and water quality 87 Contaminated land regime 91 References and further reading 93 vi ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS Section 3 Managing Environmental Performance 3.1 The Response of Organizations 97 Environmental issues from the perspective of the organization 97 The impacts of environmental issues on organizations 98 Understanding the pressures on organizations 101 Taking action 104 Summary 105 3.2 Environmental Management Systems 106 Introduction 106 EMS background 106 ISO 14001 – EMS specification 107 EMS certification and accreditation 113 Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) 113 The ISO 14000 environmental management series 115 References 117 3.3 Towards Sustainable Procurement 118 Introduction 118 Developing a sustainable procurement strategy 119 Towards sustainable procurement – risk assessment 121 Selection of the most sustainable suppliers 127 Developing suppliers and improving their approach to sustainability 136 Conclusions 136 References and further reading 137 3.4 Environmental Product Development 138 Introduction 138 Environmental product development 139 Understanding the environmental impacts of products 141 Improving the environmental performance of products 143 Communicating the environmental performance of products 147 References 151 3.5 Waste Management and Packaging 152 Environmental impacts caused by waste 152 Strategy and policy background 152 Classification of wastes 153 Managing waste at industrial sites – the duty of care 154 Managing packaging waste obligations 158 Future trends: the EU framework 159 References and further reading 162 3.6 Contaminated Land 163 What is meant by contaminated land? 163 Why it can be a problem 164 The main process of managing land contamination 165 Dealing with other issues 167 CONTENTS vii Skills and professional development 168 A checklist for environmental management of land contamination 168 References 169 3.7 Engaging with People in your Organization 171 Introduction 171 Preparing the ground 172 Change management 173 The training cycle: analysis and design 174 The training cycle: delivery 178 The training cycle: evaluation 180 Summary 183 References and further reading 184 Section 4 Evaluation Tools 4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment 187 Introduction 187 Background to EIA 189 The EIA process 192 What is involved in an EIA? 193 Links to other environmental management tools 196 Conclusions 198 References 199 4.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment 200 What is SEA? 200 Policies, plans and programmes 201 Applications of SEA 202 The SEA Directive 206 References and further reading 211 4.3 Environmental Risk Management 212 Risk, its assessment and management 212 The regulatory context 214 The application of risk assessment in regulation 217 Tools and techniques for practitioners 221 Evaluating risk assessments 224 Future trends 225 References and further reading 226 4.4 Life Cycle Assessment 227 Introduction 227 LCA methodology 229 Applications of LCA 234 References and further reading 236 viii ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS Section 5 Evaluating Environmental Performance 5.1 Emissions and Contamination Standards 241 Emissions to atmosphere 241 Emissions to atmosphere – administrative issues 245 Ambient air quality 246 Emissions to land 248 Discharges to water 251 References 256 5.2 Measurement and Monitoring 259 Introduction 259 Monitoring strategy and programmes 261 Monitoring of air 263 Monitoring of water 267 Monitoring of land 269 Monitoring of nuisance – noise 270 Monitoring of nuisance – odour 272 Monitoring of nuisance – deposited dust 273 Quality assurance and control 274 References 275 5.3 Auditing in Environmental Management 277 Introduction 277 Scope and objectives of auditing 279 Standards for environmental auditing 282 Management systems auditing 283 Auditor qualifications 290 Links with other business systems 292 Conclusions 293 References and further reading 294 Section 6 Communicating with Stakeholders 6.1 Indicators 297 Introduction 297 Indicators as an internal management tool 298 The first classification: ECIs, OPIs and MPIs 299 The second classification: presentation of indicators 300 Indicators from the perspective of an external stakeholder 301 Indicators – market analysis and future trends 304 References 306 6.2 Reporting and Accounting 307 Introduction 307 Financial statements, financial auditing and environmental issues 307 What accounting can do for environmental management 309 Environmental reporting 310 CONTENTS ix Social reporting, the GRI and towards the triple bottom line 313 Accounting and reporting for sustainability and sustainable development 315 Conclusions 316 References and further reading 316 6.3 Engaging with Stakeholders 318 Introduction 318 Who are the stakeholders? 319 The objectives of stakeholder dialogue 320 Techniques for stakeholder engagement and participation in environmental decision making 323 Stakeholder engagement and participation: case studies 325 Taking stock and future directions 331 References and further reading 333 Section 7 Key Environmental Themes 7.1 Pollution Prevention and Control 337 Introduction 337 Guiding principles 338 The integrated approach 339 Regulation 341 Complementary approaches 343 Environmental outcomes 345 Enforcement 346 Achievement 347 Challenges to industry 348 Further reading 348 7.2 Biodiversity and Conservation 349 What is biodiversity? 349 Why does conserving biodiversity matter? 349 International legislation and policy 351 European Union policy and legislation 352 UK policy and legislation 353 Organizations’ approaches to biodiversity conservation 358 Biodiversity and land use planning 359 Delivering biodiversity through community strategies 361 Biodiversity and business 361 Conclusions 362 References and further reading 362 7.3 Climate Change and Energy 364 The science of climate change 364 The basics of carbon management 365 The policy framework 367 Emissions trading and renewable energy 370 References and further reading 374 x ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS 7.4 Transport 375 Environmental impacts of transport 375 New technologies and fuels for the future 376 Improving the environmental performance of transport 377 The policy framework 379 Managing travel 381 References 382 7.5 Food and Agriculture 384 Introduction 384 Policy background 384 Implementing good environmental practice in farming 386 Food production, environmental performance and the supply chain 392 Summary 394 References and further reading 395 Section 8 Environmental Futures 8.1 The Sustainability Challenge 399 The sustainability transition 399 Economic and technological conditions for sustainability 400 Regulating for sustainability 401 Democratizing sustainability 403 Planetary futures 404 References 405 8.2 Integrated Thinking and Governance 406 Introduction 406 The context 406 The trend towards integration 407 Searching for the benefits of integration 409 The environment as the entry point 410 The challenge of governance 412 Concluding thoughts 413 References and further reading 414 8.3 The future of the Environmental Profession 415 Introduction 415 Working at Level 1: task focus 416 Level 2: first line management 416 Level 3: department and system management 417 Level 4: general management of a division or function 417 Making level sense 418 Level 5: the real challenge and opportunity 419 Seeing the whole at Level 6 420 The future 421 References 423 Index 425