Functional foods, ageing and degenerative disease

.1 Introduction: epidemiological studies and the influence of diet in early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 Foetal and neonatal nutritional requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 The effects of supplement intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.4 The role of functional foods: nutrition during pregnancy and infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.5 Safety concerns of functional foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.6 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.7 Sources of further information and advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Contents 3 New functional foods for age-related diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 D. Rivera, University of Murcia and C. OboÂn, University Miguel HernaÂndez, Spain 3.1 Introduction: the Mediterranean diet and healthy living . . . . . . 57 3.2 Mediterranean foods and their functional properties . . . . . . . . . 60 3.3 The functional properties of Mediterranean herbs, spices and wild greens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.4 Diet and age-related diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.5 Methods of identifying and analysing plant extracts . . . . . . . . . 68 3.6 Developing supplements for healthy ageing and other future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.7 Sources of further information and advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.8 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Part I Bone and oral health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4 Diet and the control of osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 K. D. Cashman, University College Cork, Ireland 4.1 Introduction: definition and epidemiology of osteoporosis . . . 83 4.2 Bone growth and factors affecting bone mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.3 Dietary strategies for preventing osteoporosis: minerals . . . . . . 87 4.4 Dietary strategies for preventing osteoporosis: vitamins, proteins and lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.5 Preventing osteoporosis: the impact of genetic variation and diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.6 Conclusions and future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.7 Sources of further information and advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5 Phytoestrogens and the control of osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 S. Lorenzetti and F. Branca, Instituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (INRAN), Italy 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.2 Osteoporosis: prevention and treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.3 Mechanisms of action of phytoestrogens in bone metabolism 120 5.4 Phytoestrogen action on bone cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.5 Investigating phytoestrogen action on bone: animal and human studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.7 Sources of further information and advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 vi Contents 6 Vitamin D fortification and bone health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 L. Ovesen, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Denmark 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.2 Vitamin D: sources, metabolism, function and deficiency . . . 140 6.3 Vitamin D fortification and osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.4 Dietary intake of vitamin D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.5 Strategies to improve vitamin D supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.6 Food fortification: reducing deficiency diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.7 Issues in vitamin D fortification of food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.8 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6.9 Sources of further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 6.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7 Calcium citrate (TCC) and bone health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 S. Edelstein, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel 7.1 Introduction: bone formation and calcium fortification . . . . . . . 174 7.2 Calcium citrate (TCC) as a calcium supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 7.3 Measuring the effectiveness of TCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 7.4 TCC fortification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 7.5 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 7.6 Sources of further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 7.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8 Diet, functional foods and oral health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 M. Edgar, formerly The University of Liverpool, UK 8.1 Introduction: key dietary factors in oral health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.2 The effects of ageing on oral health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 8.3 Dietary strategies for oral health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 8.4 Functional foods for promoting oral health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 8.5 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8.6 Sources of further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 8.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 9 Sweeteners and dental health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 K. K. Makinen, University of Turku, Finland 9.1 Introduction: the relationship between dental caries and dietary carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 9.2 Xylitol and the prevention of dental caries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 9.3 The relationship between sucrose consumption and dental caries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 9.4 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 9.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Contents vii Part II Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 10 Nutrient-gene interactions in the control of obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 C. Verdich, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark, K. Clement, INSERM, France and T. I. A. Sùrensen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 10.2 Genetic influences on obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 10.3 Nutrient-sensitive genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 10.4 Nutrient-gene interaction and the development of obesity . . . . 236 10.5 Managing obesity: dietary and other strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 10.6 Future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 10.7 Sources of further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 10.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 11 Nutrition, fat synthesis and obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 F. Foufelle and P. FerreÂ, INSERM, Fra