Flavourings : production, composition, applications, regulations.

Preface. Index of Authors. List of Companies. 1 Introduction. A Dynamic Business With Taste - The Flavour Industry (Herta Ziegler). 2 Manufacturing Processes. 2.1 Physical Processes. 2.1.1 Extraction (Manfred Ziegler). 2.1.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) (Karl-Werner Quirin, Dieter Gerard). 2.1.3 Distillation (Manfred Ziegler, Martin Reichelt). 2.1.4 Spray Drying and Other Methods for Encapsulation of Flavourings (Uwe-Jens Salzer). 2.1.5 Freeze Drying (Karl Heinz Deicke). 2.2 Biotechnological Processes (Joachim Tretzel, Stefan Marx). 2.2.1 Introduction. 2.2.2 Flavour Generation by Fermentation of Food Raw Materials. 2.2.3 Flavour Generation in Bioreactors. 2.2.4 Surface Fermentation. 2.2.5 Submerged Fermentation. 2.2.6 Downstream Processing. 2.2.7 Enzyme Reactors. 2.2.8 Cell Culture Reactors. 2.2.9 Genetic Engineering. 3 Raw Materials for Flavourings. 3.1 Introduction (Gunter Matheis). 3.2 Flavouring Ingredients 3.2.1 Chemically Defined Flavouring Substances. 3.2.2 Flavouring Preparations and Some Source Materials. 3.2.3 Process Flavourings (Christoph Cerny). 3.2.4 Smoke Flavourings. 3.3 Non-flavouring Ingredients. 3.3.1 Extraction Solvents (Howard D. Preston, Robert F. van Croonenborgh). 3.3.2 Permitted Carriers and Carrier Solvents (Howard D. Preston). 3.3.3 Emulsifiers - Stabilisers - Enzymes (William J. N. Marsden). 3.3.4 Flavour Modifiers (Gunter Matheis). 3.3.5 Antioxidants and Preservatives. 4 Blended Flavourings (Willi Grab). 4.1 Introduction. 4.1.1 Flavour Analysis. 4.1.2 Flavour Profiles. 4.1.3 Flavouring Raw Materials. 4.1.4 Flavouring Composition. 4.1.5 Flavour Release. 4.1.6 Application of Flavourings. 4.1.7 Flavouring Production. 4.1.8 Flavouring Stability. 4.2 Fruit Flavours. 4.2.1 The Flavour of Natural Fruits. 4.2.2 World of Commercially Important Fruit Flavours. 4.2.3 Sensorially Interesting Fruit Flavours. 4.3 Other Blended Flavourings. 4.3.1 Processed Flavourings. 4.3.2 Fermented Flavourings. 4.3.2.1 Alcoholic Flavourings. 4.3.2.2 Dairy Flavourings. 4.3.3 Vegetable Flavourings. 4.3.4 Vanilla Flavourings. 4.3.5 Fantasy Flavourings. 5 Application. 5.1 Introduction (Gunter Matheis). 5.1.1 Flavour Binding and Release. 5.1.2 Interactions with Carbohydrates. 5.1.3 Interactions with Proteins. 5.1.4 Interactions with Free Amino Acids. 5.1.5 Interactions with Lipids. 5.1.6 Interactions with Inorganic Salts, Fruit Acids, Purine Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds and Ethanol. 5.1.7 Interactions with Fat Replacers. 5.1.8 Interactions with Complex Systems and with Foodstuffs. 5.1.9 Conclusion. 5.2 Flavourings for Beverages. 5.2.1 Soft Drinks (Matthias Sass). 5.2.2 Alcoholic Beverages (Gunther Zach). 5.3 Flavourings for Confectioneries, Baked Goods, Ice-cream and Dairy Products. 5.3.1 Flavourings for Confectioneries (Jan-Pieter Miedema). 5.3.2 Flavourings for Baked Goods (Jan-Pieter Miedema). 5.3.3 Flavourings for Ice-Cream (Alan D. Ellison, John E. Jackson, Jan-Pieter Miedema, Jurgen Brand). 5.3.4 Flavourings for Dairy Products and Desserts (Jan-Pieter Miedema, Eckhard Schildknecht). 5.4 Flavouring of Dehydrated Convenience Food and Kitchen Aids (Chahan Yeretzian, Imre Blank, Stefan Palzer). 5.4.1 Introduction. 5.4.2 Savoury Flavours. 5.4.3 Manufacturing of Dehydrated Convenience Foods. 5.4.4 Conclusions. 6 Quality Control. 6.1 Sensory Analysis in Quality Control (Helmut Grub). 6.1.1 Introduction. 6.1.2 "Sensory". 6.1.3 The Senses. 6.1.4 Man as a Measuring Instrument. 6.1.5 Sensory Quality Measuring Methods. 6.2 Analytical Methods. 6.2.1 General Methods (Dirk Achim Muller). 6.2.2 Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis in Quality Control of Flavourings (Hanns-Ludwig Schmidt, Robert A. Werner, Andreas Rossmann, Armin Mosandl, Peter Schreier). 6.2.3 Enantioselective Analysis (Armin Mosandl). 6.2.4 Key Odorants of Food Identified by Aroma Analysis (Werner Grosch). 6.3 Microbiological Testing (Heinz-Jurgen Logtenborger). 7 Legislation / Toxicology (Uwe-Jens Salzer). 7.1 Introduction / Definitions. 7.2 Toxicological Considerations. 7.3 FAO/WHO and Council of Europe. 7.4 European Union. 7.4.1 General. 7.4.2 Flavour Legislation. 7.4.3 Food Additive Legislation. 7.4.4 Other Rules Concerning Flavourings. 7.5 America. 7.5.1 Introduction. 7.5.2 The NAFTA Countries. 7.5.3 South American Countries. 7.6 Asia. 7.6.1 General. 7.6.2 The "Middle East". 7.6.3 The "Far East". 7.7 South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. 7.8 Religious Dietary Rules. 7.8.1 Introduction. 7.8.2 "Kosher". 7.8.3 "Halal". 7.8.4 Comparison of Kosher and Halal Requirements. Index. Abstract: