چه مصرف کننده ای به PHEVs وارد می شود؟ پیش بینی رفتار مصرف کننده مالزیایی در پذیرش PHEVs What make consumer sign up to PHEVs? Predicting Malaysian consumer behavior in adoption of PHEVs

1. Introduction The world is going through crucial issues like energy scarcity, air pollution, and the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) (Sang and Bekhet, 2015). Vehicles which use both electrical and internal combustion engines for propulsion purposes, appear to be a very promising prospect (Millo et al., 2014). There are 3 types of road transports powered by electricity such as electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in-electric vehicles (PHEVs). These vehicles offset foreign petroleum usage and cost less to refuel per mile than conventional vehicles. EVs are propelled by a battery-powered motor, and the battery is charged by plugging the vehicle into the electric grid either at home or at a public charging station (Ahmadi et al., 2015). EVs do not have an internal combustion engine and therefore do not use petroleum. HEVs are powered by conventional or alternative fuels as well as electric power stored in a battery. The charging of a battery is performed through the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking. Alternatively, the captured battery energy generally lost during braking by the use of electric motor acted as a generator. Contrasting EVs and PHEVs, HEVs are not plugged into charge (Adnan et al., 2017a). However, HEVs use both petroleum and electricity and a good mean for long distance driving. PHEVs are powered by alternative or conventional fuels as well as electric power stored in a battery. The battery can be charged by plugging it into an outside power source, by the internal combustion engine, or by regenerative breaking (Adnan et al., 2017a). Unlike HEVs, which still depend on petroleum, it is possible for PHEVs to run on only electricity when fully charged. Because PHEVs can run off petroleum or electricity, they are a good option for driving long distance if you are uncertain about charging station availability. Moreover, PHEVs are extensively recognised as an answer that will reduce the harmful effect on the climate and lessen the carbon emission (Adnan et al., 2016). Hence, this sort of vehicle offers an advantage in the quest to reduce carbon emissions by as much as 30 percent to 50 percent and be able to attain 40 percent to 60 percent improvement in fuel efficiency. Though, Bonges and Lusk (2016) stated that in actual fact, they are going to be somewhat on the lower side. Several researchers have proved that a great amount of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and in the increasing dependence on oil could be accomplished by the electrification of the transport sector, which further needs proper understanding and adoption from the consumer’s point of view (Barbarossa et al., 2015; Bateman et al., 2013). Certainly, the emergence of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) has received substantial industrial accomplishment starting from the last decade. However, all the vehicles are categorised into 3 major groups, such as Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and All-Electric Vehicles (AEVs) (Adnan et al., 2016a; Boroojeni et al., 2017). Nonetheless et al. (2016) specified that a PHEV has less CO2 emission and it helps towards environmental sustainability. Schuitema et al. (2013) argued that the disadvantage of PHEV batteries is that they cannot offer the same mileage that a pure EV would offer as batteries are easily drained off for PHEVs.