نیاز اینترنت اشیا به آنتولوژی جهت یابی شده اشیا Why the Internet of Things needs Object Orientated Ontology

1. Introduction In his manifesto for networked objects, Bleeker (2006) prepared us for objects developing a form of agency. Over a decade later and the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to invoke a variety of unique design challenges across a wide range of different application domains. As the IoT pervades more widely we are becoming increasingly entangled within the heterogeneous network of interconnected objects or things that are readable, recognizable, locatable, addressable, and/or controllable via the Internet (Coulton 2015). While Human-Centred Design (HCD) predates the Internet it has become the de facto modus operandi of many IoT designers. HCD has been positively applied for personal devices such as the mobile phone and helped to produce a myriad of products that are efficient and rewarding to use. A side effect of the methods that make up this design paradigm is to obscure underlying complexities from users. In doing so virtually all traces of the often intricate and entangled mechanisms that underpin function are made to disappear. In most circumstances the obfuscation of inner workings is welcome, and even necessary, in order to design products which are functional and desirable. Arthur C. Clarke’s widely cited ‘3rd law’ – “any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic” – echoes the same sentiment. Disguising the mechanisms by which devices work as a product of the quest to make technologies appear magical, has become increasingly problematic in the era of the IoT. Proactively shrouding the details of how connected things perform in concert with the other nodes on the network, even if the obfuscation contributes towards some notion of HCD-inspired usability, disempowers the user, and we argue, unintentionally reduces the acceptability of IoT devices. These factors, combined with IoT’s increasing heterogeneity, ubiquity and pervasiveness, have arguably contributed to the growing concerns related to security, privacy and trust in the IoT.