راه حل های IoT در کنترل انرژی هوشمند در ساختمان های شهر هوشمند A review on Internet of Things solutions for intelligent energy control in buildings for smart city applications

1. Introduction In the new configuration for the Internet of Things (IoT), a revision on the traditional concept of the internet is essential. In the traditional version, the internet is an infrastructure which provides the terminals for end users, while within the Internet of Things it provides the interconnection of smart objects within a ubiquitous computing environment [1]. The internet infrastructure will play a vital role as the global platform to enable the communication capability of physical objects. The novelty will be enabled by embedding electronics into objects, making them smart while being integrated into the worldwide physical infrastructure. The term Internet of Things refers to this internet-based architecture which facilitates the exchange of services, information and data between billions of objects, mostly smart. It was first introduced by Kevin Ashton in 1998 and has obtained a lot of attention in the industry and academia [2]. In some texts, it is addressed as the Internet of Everything (IoE) to emphasize the ubiquitous usage of the internet-enabled objects. IoT provides the connection between all these objects to facilitate and make people’s lives more comfortable and efficient in all situations. Within this approach different aspects of both hardware and software solutions work together to realize the Internetof-Things paradigm. The IoT should be capable of connecting billions or trillions of heterogeneous devices through the internet, so there is a critical need for a flexible layered architecture. The IoT domain encloses a wide range of standardized or unstandardized technologies, software platforms and diverse applications. Therefore, a single reference architecture cannot be used as a layout for all possible concrete implementations. Though a reference model can be considered for IoT, most likely several reference architectures will coexist [3]. Here, we define the architecture as a framework in which the things, the people and the cloud services are combined to facilitate application tasks. Therefore, the reference model for the IoT can schematically be depicted as in Fig. 1.