جایی که تحقیقات مدیریت بحران نهایی نیاز به پیشروی دارد Reflections to move forward: Where destination crisis management research needs to go

1. Introduction The frequency and fury of crises have flourished over the past decade. Globally, we are faced with more crises and disasters that ever before. The types of crises and disasters range from natural disasters (such as cyclones, earthquakes, and tsunamis) to political crises and security incidents. The tourism industry is regularly faced with attacks which impact the tourist as well as the destination. In 2016 alone, the world saw crises arising from disasters such as: (1) Hurricane Matthew which impacted Haiti and the United States, (2) a magnitude 7.8 earthquake which rocked Ecuador, killing almost 700 people, and (3) terrorist attacks in Brussels, Nice, and Orlando. In the past few years, there have also been several new kinds of crises which have emerged and, consequently, impacted our industry. For example, tourism boards are fighting for their existence due to perceptions by elected officials of a lack of transparency or effectiveness of public dollars to fund them. This threat has forced the industry to invest more heavily in research to demonstrate how tourism benefits local economies. As an area of inquiry, the tourism scholarly literature has been scant with respect to documenting the impact of lost marketing dollars on more than visitor numbers. There is a need to move beyond visitor numbers and document benefits to the community, quality of life, environmental sustainability, public land management, and other positive benefits. We have also seen a new type of crisis, which has little to do with an immediate shock and more to do with geopolitics. Although the opportunity to travel to more destinations has flourished, so too has the threat of traveling to destinations which might have strained relations with a visitor’s home government. Poor images of destinations created by the media due to poor or strained foreign relations between two or more countries has led to decreased tourist arrivals from certain markets. This is an area which is more than ever impacting destinations all over the world, yet has received little attention in the academic literature. The need for quality academic research is at an all-time high. More scholarly approaches to problems, greater theoretical foundations for studies, fewer case studies, more longitudinal research, and more comparative studies will help advance the destination crisis management scholarship while, at the same time, aiding the industry to mitigate crises both prior to as well as during times of need. This paper outlines several areas for future research in the area of destination crisis management and resilience which warrants attention in the academic literature.