در جستجوی اصول طراحی شهری انعطاف پذیر: اجرای اصول در مورد شهرهای صربستان In search of the principles of resilient urban design: Implementability of the principles in the case of the cities in Serbia

1. INTRODUCTION Many current papers in urban planning and design start by expressing the consideration that urban population has recently become prevalent at global level. According to the prospects of the United Nations (UN), it happened in 2007-2008. Furthermore, the figures that support this are increasing rapidly; it is projected that the share of urban dwellers will reach 2/3 of World population till the middle of 21st century (UN, 2014). Moreover, the share is even more remarkable in the case of energy; 60-80 per cent of energy consumption and 75 per cent of carbon emission are related to cities (UN, 2015). Therefore, the future of the World is in cities, regardless of whether the fact is considered positive or negative. The above presented facts are well-known to urban scholars. A good illustration of this stance can be seen in numerous theoretical concepts and models in contemporary urbanism, which have become famous across the globe. All of these concepts and models usually try to make a “full framework” for general urban development. However, some of them are more reputable, such as the concept of urban resilience. This concept has proved to be very influential in fields related to more problematic urban issues, such as customisation of cities to climate changes (Otto-Zimmermann, 2011; Davoudi, 2014; Johnson & Blackburn, 2014) or risk and disaster management in urban areas (Cutter et al, 2008; Brugman, 2012). However, the concept of urban resilience has been gaining a wider attention and acceptance since the economic crisis in 2008. The crisis-related hardships and shocks in urban economy made an immense impact on the global awareness of the urban resilience (Turcu et al, 2015; Saya, 2016). In the new circumstances, the significance of stabilisation and preparedness, as key elements in the concept of urban resilience, are certainly more desirable than the vanished “faith” in unstoppable progress – the concept of resilience tries to omit uncertainty as an especially challenging issue (Jabareen, 2013). Therefore, changing urban conditions in general are in the spotlight of urban resilience today (Sharifi and Yamagata, 2016). As a result, “(r)esilience seems to have become a new focus for thinking about both the short-term and long-term futures of city systems” (Batty, 2013, p. 571). Consequently, it has caught the attention of many scholars recently (Meerow et al, 2016).