احساسات پیش بینی شده در مورد ایجاد مخاطرات جدید: تجزیه و تحلیل مشخصات پنهانی از مرحله اول آغازگر کاری  Anticipated emotions towards new venture creation: A latent profile analysis of early stage career starters

1. Introduction Research has only recently begun to focus more on the role of affect, mood and emotions in the entrepreneurial process (Baron, 2008). However, contemporary research focuses primarily on the role of “immediate” emotions, experienced at the time of decision making (Baumgartner, Pieters, & Bagozzi, 2008; Podoynitsyna, Van der Bij, & Song, 2012). Emotions, however, can influence decision-making when they are anticipated through affective forecasting, the process of predicting what it would feel like to experience a particular event in the future (Baumgartner et al., 2008; Gilbert & Wilson, 2007). Affective forecasting couples predictions about the future along with the feelings expected to emerge depending on either success or failure (Dunn & Laham, 2006; Mellers & McGraw, 2001). Anticipated emotions, as products of affective forecasting, are the specific emotions one believes will arise from a potential event or course of action (Baumgartner et al., 2008). The scarcity of research on the role of anticipated emotions in entrepreneurial motivation is surprising, given that entrepreneurs construct and reconstruct both an identity and a new venture by applying “… affective reactions to past and present experiences and the anticipated future” (Morris, Kuratko, Schindehutte, & Spivack, 2012, p. 31). Schwarz (1990) has pointed out that the anticipation of emotion as a consequence of a decision is capable of influencing the decision, as well as the formation of attitudes. Furthermore, the importance of anticipated emotions for goal directed behaviour is acknowledged in several general behavioural models which introduce a variety of anticipated emotions as the determinants of purposive behaviour (Bagozzi, Baumgartner, & Pieters, 1998; Richard, Van der Pligt, & De Vries, 1996). From a future thinking perspective, the notion that anticipated emotions could be used proactively is particularly relevant to the context of preparing university students (seen as early stage career starters) for an entrepreneurial career through emotion based intervention programme (Hodzic, Ripoll, Lira, & Zenasni, 2015; Lackeus, 2014). Understanding students’ anticipated emotions towards new venture creation is a means for not only predicting students’ goals, but also for influencing their behaviour (Miceli & Castelfranchi, 2014). Moreover, it would be interesting the identification of student groups based on specific anticipated emotions, and the establishment of relationships between anticipated emotions and a special type of goals, namely entrepreneurial intentions.