Occupational and environmental health : recognizing and preventing disease and injury: 6th

Contributors xvii Frequently Used Abbreviations xxvii I. WORK, ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH 1. Occupational and Environmental Health: Twenty-First Century Challenges and Opportunities 3 Barry S. Levy, David H. Wegman, Sherry L. Baron, and Rosemary K. Sokas 2. Recognizing and Preventing Occupational and Environmental Disease and Injury 23 Rosemary K. Sokas, Barry S. Levy, David H. Wegman, and Sherry L. Baron Box 2-1: Avoiding the Transfer of Risk: Cleaner Production and Pollution Prevention Rafael Moure-Eraso Box 2-2: Effectively Educating Workers and Communities Margaret M. Quinn and Nancy Lessin Box 2-3: Labor-Management Safety Committees Box 2-4: How to Use the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Michael Silverstein Box 2-5: The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA): Intensive Intervention in a Dangerous Industry James L. Weeks Box 2-6: How to Request Assistance from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Michelle Watters xi xii CONTENTS 3. Occupational and Environmental Health Surveillance 55 Kerry Souza, Letitia Davis, and Jeffrey Shire Box 3-1: Asthma Surveillance in California: Combining Environmental and Occupational Health Surveillance Jennifer Flattery Box 3-2: Occupational Health Reporting Requirements in New Jersey Box 3-3: Tracking Lead Exposure to Workers: The Massachusetts Blood Lead Registry Richard Rabin Box 3-4: National Childhood Blood Lead Surveillance Lemuel Turner Box 3-5: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Surveillance Shahed Iqbal, Fuyuen Yip, Jacquelyn H. Clower, and Paul Garbe Box 3-6: Environmental Public Health Tracking Network Box 3-7: Surveillance for Childhood Lead Poisoning Reveals Workplace Lead Problem Box 3-8: Infectious Disease Surveillance and Occupation 4. Occupational and Environmental Health Equity and Social Justice 69 Sherry L. Baron and Sacoby Wilson Box 4-1: Child Labor Susan Gunn Box 4-2: Children as a Special Population at Risk for Environmental Hazards Adam Spanier Box 4-3: Women Construction Workers: An Example of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Box 4-4: The Export of Hazard Barry S. Levy 5. Global Environmental Hazards 98 Simon Hales, Robyn Lucas, and Anthony J. McMichael Box 5-1: Climate Change, Workplace Heat, and Health Tord Kjellstrom Box 5-2: Chemical Reactions in the Destruction of Ozone Box 5-3: Interactions between Climate Change and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Box 5-4: Examples of Health Risks Arising from Global Trade Processes II. HAZARDOUS EXPOSURES 6. Outdoor Air Pollution 121 Isabelle Romieu, Mauricio Hernلndez-ءvila, and Fernando Holguin 7. Indoor Air Quality 141 Mark R. Cullen and Kathleen Kreiss Box 7-1: Environmental Tobacco Smoke Kathleen Kreiss Box 7-2: Exposure to Biomass Fuel Fumes John R. Balmes CONTENTS xiii 8. Water Contamination and Wastewater Treatment 154 Jeffery A. Foran Box 8-1: Generalized Steps in the Treatment of Sanitary Waste Prior to Its Discharge to Surface Waters Box 8-2: General Steps Used in the Treatment of Drinking Water Box 8-3: The Debate over Regulation of Atrazine Box 8-4: Coal Waste and Water Quality 9. Food Safety 170 Craig W. Hedberg 10. Hazardous Waste 181 Denny Dobbin, Rodney D. Turpin, Ken Silver, and Michelle Watters Box 10-1: Asbestos in Libby, Montana 11. Chemical Hazards 192 Michael Gochfeld and Robert Laumbach Box 11-1: An Ecohealth Approach to Mercury Contamination Donna Mergler 12. Physical Hazards 227 12A. Vibration 228 Martin G. Cherniack Box 12A-1: Defi nitions Box 12A-2: Standard Elements in Diagnosing Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome 12B. Extremes of Temperature 240 Ann M. Krake Box 12B-1: Physical Hazards Related to Hyperbaric and Hypobaric Environments and Their Adverse Health Effects John Halpin 12C. Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation 258 John Cardarelli 13. Biological Hazards 281 Mark Russi 14. Occupational Stress 296 Joseph J. Hurrell, Jr. Box 14-1: Time, Work, Stress, and Well-Being in Society Sherry L. Baron and SangWoo Tak Box 14-2: Shift Work David H. Wegman and SangWoo Tak III. ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS 15. Injuries and Occupational Safety 315 Dawn N. Castillo, Timothy J. Pizatella, and Nancy A. Stout Box 15-1: Injuries are a Major Public Health Problem Box 15-2: Hispanics Are a Priority Population for Occupational Injury Prevention xiv CONTENTS Box 15-3: The Youngest and Oldest Workers Present Challenges and Opportunities for Prevention Box 15-4: Unique Challenges for Prevention of Roadway Occupational Deaths and Injuries Box 15-5: Workplace Violence: A Complex Workplace Injury Phenomenon Box 15-6: Unique Role for Public Health Agencies in Occupational Safety 16. Musculoskeletal Disorders 335 Barbara Silverstein and Bradley Evanoff Box 16-1: Plumber’s Knee Box 16-2: The Choice of a Health Care Provider for Injured Workers Is Important Box 16-3: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Case 17. Cancer 366 Elizabeth Ward 18. Respiratory Disorders 398 Amy M. Ahasic and David C. Christiani Box 18-1: Childhood Asthma 19. Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders 428 Edward L. Baker, Jr., and Nancy L. Fiedler 20. Reproductive and Developmental Disorders 446 Linda M. Frazier and Deborah Barkin Fromer Box 20-1: DBCP: A Potent Male Reproductive Toxicant Barry S. Levy 21. Noise Exposure and Hearing Disorders 461 Thais C. Morata, David C. Byrne, and Peter M. Rabinowitz Box 21-1: Case of Hearing Loss Following Noise and Chemical Exposures Box 21-2: Case of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Tinnitus 22. Skin Disorders 476 Loren C. Tapp and Boris D. Lushniak 23. Cardiovascular Disorders 492 Kenneth D. Rosenman IV. RECOGNITION, ASSESSMENT, AND PREVENTION 24. Epidemiology 507 Jennifer M. Cavallari, Ellen A. Eisen, David H. Wegman, and Marie S. O’Neill Box 24-1. Guide for Evaluating Epidemiologic Studies 25. Toxicology 527 Robert Laumbach and Michael Gochfeld Box 25-1: Defi nitions CONTENTS xv 26. Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 559 Thomas J. Smith and John D. Meeker Box 26-1: Assessing Indoor Air Pollution Box 26-2: Nanomaterials: Occupational and Environmental Exposures, Health Effects, and Control Measures Margaret M. Quinn 27. Occupational Ergonomics: Promoting Safety and Health through Work Design 591 W. Monroe Keyserling Box 27-1: Ergonomic Approaches to Prevention 28. Clinical Occupational and Environmental Health Practice 606 Gary Greenberg and Bonnie Rogers Box 28-1: The Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics Patient Bill of Rights 29. Risk Communication and Information Dissemination 621 Paul Schulte, Scott Schneider, and Ray Sinclair Box 29-1: Environmental Risk Communication Craig W. Trumbo 30. Government Regulation of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety in the United States and the European Union 640 Nicholas A. Ashford and Charles C. Caldart 31. Legal Remedies 664 Leslie I. Boden, Peter S. Barth, Neil T. Leifer, David C. Strouss, Emily A. Spieler, and Patricia A. Roche Box 31-1. When Employers Are Subject to Lawsuits for Workplace Injuries and Illnesses Box 31-2: Permanent Disability Benefi ts in the People’s Republic of China V. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PREVENTION 32. The Roles of Labor Unions 699 Robin Baker, Laura Stock, and Valeria Velazquez Box 32-1: Glossary of Key Labor Terms Box 32-2: Names of Major Unions Box 32-3: Sample Health and Safety Contract Language Box 32-4: Advocating for Healthy Jobs 33. The Roles of Environmental Non-governmental Organizations 714 Kathleen M. Rest Box 33-1: Principles of Environmental Justice Box 33-2: CERES Principles: A 10-Point Code for Corporate Environmental Conduct xvi CONTENTS 34. Conducting Worksite Investigations 726 Bruce Bernard Box 34-1: Silica Exposure among Roofi ng-Tile Workers Box 34-2: Chlorine Exposure among Lifeguards at an Indoor Swimming Resort Box 34-3: Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Casino Dealers Box 34-4: Indoor Air Quality and Cancer 35. Responding to Community Environmental Health Concerns 738 Henry A. Anderson and Henry Nehls-Lowe 36. Addressing Health and Safety Hazards in Specifi c Industries: Agriculture, Construction, and Health Care 753 Sherry L. Baron, Andrea L. Steege, Laura S. Welch, and Jane A. Lipscomb Box 36-1: Livestock Workers 37. Protecting Disaster Rescue and Recovery Workers 779 Dori B. Reissman and John Piacentino Box 37-1: Public and Environmental Health Issues in Disasters 38. Implementing Programs and Policies for a Healthy Workforce 798 Martin G. Cherniack and Laura Punnett 39. Addressing the Built Environment and Health 813 Richard J. Jackson Appendix: Selected Non-governmental Organizations 829 Index 833