An introduction to environmental biophysics,2. ed.

Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition List of Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Microenvironments 1.2 Energy Exchange 1.3 Mass and Momentum Transport 1.4 Conservation of Energy and Mass 1.5 Continuity in the Biosphere 1.6 Models, Heterogeneity, and Scale 1.7 Applications 1.8 Units References Problems Chapter 2 Temperature 2.1 Typical Behavior of Atmospheric and Soil Temperature 2.2 Random Temperature Variation 2.3 Modeling Vertical Variation in Air Temperature 2.4 Modeling Temporal Variation in Air Temperature 2.5 Soil Temperature Changes with Depth and Time 2.6 Temperature and Biological Development 2.7 Thermal Time 2.8 Calculating Thermal Time from Weather Data 2.9 Temperature Extremes and the Computation of Thermal Time 2.10 Normalization of Thermal Time 2.1 1 Thermal Time in Relation To Other Environmental Variables References Problems xvii xii Contents Chapter 3 Water Vapor and Other Gases 37 3.1 Specifying Gas Concentration 3 8 3.2 Water Vapor: Saturation Conditions 40 3.3 Condition of Partial Saturation 42 3.4 Spatial and Temporal Variation of Atmospheric Water Vapor 47 3.5 Estimating the Vapor Concentration in Air 49 References 50 Problems 50 Chapter 4 Liquid Water in Organisms and their Environment 53 4.1 Water Potential and Water Content 4.2 Water Potentials in Organisms and their Surroundings 4.3 Relation of Liquid- to Gas-Phase Water References Problems Chapter 5 Wind 5.1 Characteristics of Atmospheric Twbulence 5.2 Wind as a Vector 5.3 Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed 5.4 Finding the Zero Plane Displacement and the Roughness Length 5.5 Wind Within Crop Canopies References Problems Chapter 6 Heat and Mass Transport 6.1 Molar Fluxes 6.2 Integration of the Transport Equations 6.3 Resistances and Conductances 6.4 Resistors and Conductors in Series 6.5 Resistors in Parallel 6.6 Calculation of Fluxes Problems Chapter 7 Conductances for Heat and Mass Transfer 7.1 Conductances for Molecular Diffusion 7.2 Molecular Diffusivities 7.3 Diffusive Conductance of the Integument 7.4 Turbulent Transport 7.5 Fetch and Buoyancy 7.6 Conductance of the Atmospheric Surface Layer 7.7 Conductances for Heat and Mass Transfer in Laminar Forced Convection 7.8 Cylinders, Spheres and Animal Shapes 7.9 Conductances in Free Convection Contents xiii 7.10 Combined Forced and Free Convection 7.1 1 Conductance Ratios 7.12 Determining the Characteristic Dimension of an Object 7.13 Free Stream Turbulence Summary of Formulae for Conductance References Problems Chapter 8 Heat Flow in the Soil 8.1 Heat Flow and Storage in Soil 8.2 Thermal Properties of Soils: Volumetric Heat Capacity 8.3 Thermal Properties of Soils: Thermal Conductivity 8.4 Thermal Diffusivity and Admittance of Soils 8.5 Heat Transfer from Animals to a Substrate References Problems Chapter 9 Water Flow in Soil 9.1 The Hydraulic Conductivity 9.2 Infiltration of Water into Soil 9.3 Redistribution of Water in Soil 9.4 Evaporation from the Soil Surface 9.5 Transpiration and Plant Water Uptake 9.6 The Water Balance References Problems Chapter 10 Radiation Basics 10.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 10.2 Blackbody Radiation 10.3 Definitions 10.4 The Cosine Law 10.5 Attenuation of Radiation 10.6 Spectral Distribution of Blackbody Radiation 10.7 Spectral Distribution of Solar and Thermal Radiation 10.8 Radiant Emittance References Problems Chapter 11 Radiation Fluxes in Natural Environments 1 1.1 Sun Angles and Daylength 1 1.2 Estimating Direct and Diffuse Short-wave Irradiance 1 1.3 Solar Radiation under Clouds 1 1.4 Radiation Balance 11.5 Absorptivities for Thermal and Solar Radiation xiv Contents 1 1.6 View Factors References Problems Chapter 12 Animals and their Environment 12.1 The Energy Budget Concept 12.2 Metabolism 12.3 Latent Heat Exchange 12.4 Conduction of Heat in Animal Coats and Tissue 12.5 Qualitative Analysis of Animal Thermal response 12.6 Operative Temperature 12.7 Applications of the Energy Budget Equation 12.8 The Transient State 12.9 Complexities of Animal Energetics 12.10 Animals and Water References Problems Chapter 13 Humans and their Environment 13.1 Area, Metabolic Rate, and Evaporation 13.2 Survival in Cold Environments 13.3 Wind Chill and Standard Operative Temperature 13.4 Survival in Hot Environments 13.5 The Humid Operative Temperature 13.6 Comfort References Problems Chapter 14 Plants and Plant Communities 14.1 Leaf Temperature 14.2 Aerodynamic Temperature of Plant Canopies 14.3 Radiometric Temperature of Plant Canopies 14.4 Transpiration and the Leaf Energy Budget 14.5 Canopy Transpiration 14.6 Photosynthesis 14.7 Simple Assimilation Models 14.8 Biochemical Models for Assimilation 14.9 Control of Stomatal Conductance 14.10 Optimum Leaf Form References Problems Chapter 15 The Light Environment of Plant Canopies 15.1 Leaf Area Index and Light Transmission Through Canopies 15.2 Detailed Models of Light Interception by Canopies 15.3 Transmission of Diffuse Radiation Contents 15.4 Light Scattering in Canopies 15.5 Reflection of Light by Plant Canopies 15.6 Transmission of Radiation by Sparse Canopies- Soil Reflectance Effects 15.7 Daily Integration 15.8 Calculating the Flux Density of Radiation on Leaves in a Canopy 15.9 Calculating Canopy Assimilation from Leaf Assimilation 15.10 Remote Sensing of Canopy Cover and IPAR 15.1 1 Remote Sensing and Canopy Temperature 15.12 Canopy Reflectivity (Ernissivity) versus Leaf Reflectivity (Emissivity) 15.13 Heterogeneous Canopies 15.14 Indirect Sensing of Canopy Architecture References Problems Appendix Index