Dermatotoxicology 6th ed

CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii FOREWORD FROM THE FIFTH EDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxv PART I Concepts CHAPTER 1 Skin Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Ronald C. Wester and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 2 Occlusion and Barrier Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Hongbo Zhai and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 3 Percutaneous Absorption of Complex Chemical Mixtures . . . . . . . . .29 Jim E. Riviere CHAPTER 4 Anatomical Factors Affecting Barrier Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere CHAPTER 5 Percutaneous Absorption: Role of Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Philip W. Wertz CHAPTER 6 Percutaneous Absorption: Short-Term Exposure, Lag Time, Multiple Exposures, Model Variations, and Absorption from Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Ronald C. Wester and Howard I. Maibach 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 ■ v © 2004 by CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 7 Chemical Partitioning into Powdered Human Stratum Corneum: A Useful In Vitro Model for Studying Interaction of Chemical and Human Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Xiaoying Hui, Ronald C. Wester, Hongbo Zhai and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 8 Sensitive Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Harald Löffler, Jún Aramaki, Isaak Effendy and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 9 Transdermal Drug Delivery System — An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Cheryl Levin and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 10 Iontophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 Angela N. Anigbogu and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 11 Irritant Dermatitis (Irritation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Sara Weltfriend, Michal Ramon and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 12 Allergic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Francis N. Marzulli and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 13 Irritant Contact Dermatitis versus Allergic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Iris S. Ale and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 14 Molecular Basis of Allergic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin and Valérie Berl CHAPTER 15 Systemic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 Niels K. Veien, Torkil Menné and Howard I. Maibach 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 CONTENTS vi ■ © 2004 by CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 16 Permeability of Human Skin to Metals and Paths for Their Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Jurij J. Hosty´nek CHAPTER 17 Photoirritation (Phototoxicity, Phototoxic Dermatitis) . . . . . . . . . . .341 Francis N. Marzulli and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 18 Chemically Induced Scleroderma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353 Glenn G. Russo CHAPTER 19 Chemical Agents that Cause Depigmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 Leslie P. McCarty and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 20 Sulfur Mustard: A Chemical Vesicant Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 Frederick R. Sidell, William J. Smith, John P. Petrali and Charles G. Hurst CHAPTER 21 Carcinogenesis: Current Trends in Skin Cancer Research . . . . . . . . .409 Karen J. Auborn CHAPTER 22 Retinoids and Their Mechanisms of Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419 William J. Cunningham and Graeme F. Bryce CHAPTER 23 Skin Disorders Caused by Cosmetics in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441 Shaoxi Wu, Ningru Guo, Weili Pan and Zheng Min CHAPTER 24 Drug Induced Ocular Phototoxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 Joan E. Roberts CHAPTER 25 Water: Is It an Irritant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471 Tsen-fang Tsai and Howard I. Maibach 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 CONTENTS ■ vii © 2004 by CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 26 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate in Dermatotoxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479 Cheol Heon Lee and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 27 Barrier Creams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 Hongbo Zhai and Howard I. Maibach PART II Methods CHAPTER 28 Methods for In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519 Robert L. Bronaugh CHAPTER 29 Tape Stripping Method and Stratum Corneum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531 Myeong Jun Choi, Hongbo Zhai and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 30 Percutaneous Absorption of Hazardous Substances from Soil and Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549 Ronald C. Wester and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 31 Isolated Perfused Porcine Skin Flap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563 Jim E. Riviere CHAPTER 32 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589 James N. McDougal CHAPTER 33 Methods for In Vitro Skin Metabolism Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621 Robert L. Bronaugh CHAPTER 34 Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Dermatologic and Other Adverse Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .631 Cheryl Levin and Howard I. Maibach 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 CONTENTS viii ■ © 2004 by CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 35 Predictive Toxicology Methods for Transdermal Delivery Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653 Anne Chester, Wei-Qi Lin, Mary Prevo, Michel Cormier and James Matriano CHAPTER 36 Animal, Human, and In Vitro Test Methods for Predicting Skin Irritation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677 Cheryl Levin and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 37 Analysis of Structural Change in Intercellular Lipids of Human Stratum Corneum Induced by Surfactants: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .695 Yoshiaki Kawasaki, Jun-ichi Mizushima and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 38 Test Methods for Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Animals . . . . . . . . .725 Georg Klecak CHAPTER 39 Test Methods for Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Humans . . . . . . . . .763 Francis N. Marzulli and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 40 Immunoadjuvants in Prospective Testing for Contact Allergens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775 Henry C. Maguire, Jr. CHAPTER 41 The Local Lymph Node Assay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793 Ian Kimber, David A. Basketter, G. Frank Gerberick and Rebecca J. Dearman CHAPTER 42 Contact Urticaria and the Contact Urticaria Syndrome (Immediate Contact Reactions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .817 Smita Amin, Arto Lahti and Howard I. Maibach 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 CONTENTS ■ ix © 2004 by CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 43 An Optimized In Vitro Approach to Assess Skin Irritation and Phototoxicity of Topical Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849 Bart De Wever, Martin Rosdy and Alan M. Goldberg CHAPTER 44 Photoirritation (Phototoxicity) Testing in Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . .871 Francis N. Marzulli and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 45 Measuring and Quantifying Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure . . . . . .879 David H. Sliney CHAPTER 46 Use of Pig Skin Preparations in Novel Diffusion Cell Arrays to Measure Skin Absorption and to Evaluate Potential Chemical Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901 William G. Reifenrath, Victoria L. Garzouzi and Harold O. Kammen CHAPTER 47 Determination of Subclinical Changes of Barrier Function . . . . . . .937 Véranne Charbonnier, Marc Paye and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 48 Assessing the Validity of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .957 Leon H. Bruner, G.J. Carr, M. Chamberlain and R.D. Curren CHAPTER 49 Animal Models for Immunologic and Nonimmunologic Contact Urticaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .999 Antti Lauerma and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 50 Diagnostic Tests in Dermatology: Patch and Photopatch Testing and Contact Urticaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1007 Smita Amin, Antti Lauerma and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 51 Cosmetic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1021 Sara P. Modjtahedi, Jorge R. Toro, Patricia Engasser and Howard I. Maibach 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 CONTENTS x ■ © 2004 by CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 52 Evaluating Efficacy of Barrier Creams: In Vitro and In Vivo Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1087 Hongbo Zhai and Howard I. Maibach CHAPTER 53 Light-Induced Dermal Toxicity: Effects on the Cellular and Molecular Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1105