Water and ice

Chapter 1: Water and Climate: An Introduction 10 The Hydrologic Cycle 10 Table: Location and Form of Water on Earth 12 The Ocean Affects Climate 13 Water, Climate, and People 14 Sidebar: Global Warming May Affect Monsoons 16 Notes 17 Chapter 2: Water, Ice, and Global Warming 19 The Ocean Absorbs Heat 19 The Ocean Absorbs Carbon 20 Sidebar: Fight Global Warming by Putting Crop Residue in the Sea 21 Water, Climate, and Feedback Loops 22 The Impact of Water Vapor Feedback 23 The Ice Albedo Feedback Loop 24 Graph: Arctic Sea Ice Extent 25 Other Feedback Effects 26 Notes 28 Chapter 3: Rising Sea Levels 30 Causes 30 Heated Water Takes Up More Space 30 Melting Glaciers May Raise Sea Levels 32 Sidebar: Polar Bears and Glacial Melt 33 The Melting of Mountain Ice 34 The Melting of Giant Ice Sheets 35 Graph: Contributors to Rising Sea Levels, 1993–2003 36 Notes 39 Debates 40 The North Atlantic Current 40 Sidebar: Climate Disaster in Popular Culture 42 How Much Will Sea Levels Rise? 43 Table: Rise in Sea Levels on the Atlantic Coast 47 Notes 48 Effects 48 U.S. Coastlines 49 Table: California Population Vulnerable to a 100-Year Flood Along the Pacific Coast, by County 50 Sidebar: The Wetland Feedback Loop 51 Global Coastlines 53 Islands 54 Mitigating the Damage 56 Notes 57 Chapter 4: Rainfall, Hurricanes, and Drought 59 Increased Rainfall 59 Sidebar: Record Snowfall of 2010 Does Not Contradict Global Warming 61 Benefits of Increased Rainfall 62 Hurricanes and Extreme Weather Events 62 Hotter, Drier Climates 67 Map: Projected Changes in Precipitation from 1980– 99 to 2090–99 68 Sidebar: Global Warming May Have Contributed to Slaughter in Darfur 69 Notes 72 Chapter 5: Water Supply 74 Rivers and Water Supply 74 Lakes and Water Supply 75 Sidebar: Lake Chad Disappears 77 Melting Snow and Water Supply 78 Table: Predicted Change in Discharge of Selected River Mouths Due to Climate and Water Use Changes 80 Groundwater and Water Supply 81 Water for Crops 82 Notes 85 Chapter 6: Water and Energy 87 Hydropower 87 Tidal Power 88 Wave Power 90 Hydroelectric Power: Pros and Cons 91 Graph: United States Electrical Production in 2007 by Source of Energy 92 Hydroelectric Power and Greenhouse Gases 94 Sidebar: The Vakhsh River and Climate Change 95 Notes 97 Chapter 7: Conclusion 99 Water Affects Climate 99 Sea Levels, Rain, and Drought 101 Energy from Water 102 The Future of Water and Climate 103 Glossary 104 For Further Research 107 Index 112