Fractures of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine

Preface iii Contributors xi 1. Spinal Injury: Etiology, Demographics, and Outcomes 1 Ralph J. Marino 2. Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury 9 Oren G. Blam, Douglas M. Ehrler, Wolfgang Rauschning, and Alexander R. Vaccaro 3. Biomechanics of the Injured Cervical Spine 23 Paul E. Savas 4. Emergency Management of Spine Trauma 45 Daniel A. Capen and Ellen Leppek 5. Timing of Surgery Following Spinal Cord Injury 57 Michael J. Vives, Steven R. Garfin, Jean-Jacques Abitbol, and Alexander R. Vaccaro 6. Physical Examination: ASIA Motor/Sensory Examination and Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes 69 Bobby Tay and Frank J. Eismont vi Contents 7. Imaging in Spinal Trauma 81 Russ Brummett, Scott Rushton, and Alexander R. Vaccaro 8. Classification of Cervical Spine Trauma 103 Anh X. Le and Rick B. Delamarter 9. Traumatic Injuries of the Occipito–Cervical Junction 117 R. Alden Milam IV, Jeff S. Silber, and Alexander R. Vaccaro 10. Atlantoaxial Rotatory Instability 127 Alexander R. Vaccaro, Jeff S. Silber, R. Alden Milam IV, Hugh L. Bassewitz, Harry N. Herkowitz, and Justin P. Kubeck 11. Atlas Fractures 139 Hugh L. Bassewitz and Harry N. Herkowitz 12. Odontoid Fractures 151 David Andreychik 13. Axis Fractures 183 Steve J. Hankins, Louis G. Quartararo, and Alexander R. Vaccaro 14. Distractive Flexion Cervical Spine Injuries: A Clinical Spectrum 191 Mark Dekutoski and Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol 15. Compressive Flexion Injuries of the Cervical Spine 207 Michael J. Vives, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and Jean-Jacques Abitbol 16A. Vertical Compression Injuries of the Cervical Spine 219 Robert A. McGuire 16B. Distraction Extension Injuries of the Cervical Spine 223 Robert A. McGuire 17A. Compression Extension Injuries 227 Federico P. Girardi and Frank P. Cammisa, Jr. 17B. Lateral Flexion Injuries 235 Federico P. Girardi and Frank P. Cammisa, Jr. 18. Lateral Mass Fractures of the Cervical Spine: Diagnosis and Surgical Management 239 Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol, Paulino Yanez, W. R. Marsh, and Mark Dek19. Cervical Whiplash Injuries 255 Kanwaldeep S. Sidhu and Jeffrey S. Fischgrund 20. Cervical Traction and Reduction Techniques 263 Jeffrey M. Spivak and Afshin E. Razi 21. Cervical Orthoses and Halo-Vest Management 279 Douglas C. Burton, John Noack, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and D. Greg Anderson 22. Surgical Approaches for the Operative Management of Cervical Spine Fractures 299 Howard S. An and Rex A. W. Marco 23. Occipito–Cervical Fusion 315 Thomas J. Puschak and Paul A. Anderson 24. Odontoid Screw Fixation 325 Rick C. Sasso 25. Operative Techniques: Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion 335 Robert H. Boyce and Alan S. Hilibrand 26. Posterior Cervical Fixation 347 Steven C. Ludwig, Mustasim N. Rumi, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and Todd J. Albert 27. Posterior Cervical Decompression Techniques 365 Seth M. Zeidman, Marco T. Silva, Paul T. Rubery, and Alexander R. Vaccaro 28. Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring During Post-Traumatic Spine Surgery 373 Daniel M. Schwartz 29. Classification of Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures 385 Dante G. Marchesi 30. Thoracolumbar Spine Stability 399 Jonathan N. Grauer, Tushar Ch. Patel, and Manohar M. Panjabi 31. Thoracic Fractures 407 G. Michael Lemole, Jr., Juan Bartolomei, Jeffrey S. Henn, and Volker K. H. Sonntag viii Contents 32. Thoracolumbar Trauma 441 Glenn R. Rechtine and Michael J. Bolesta 33. Lower Lumbar Fractures 455 Stanley D. Gertzbein 34. Fractures of the Sacrum and Coccyx 473 Kirkham B. Wood and Francis Denis 35. Nonoperative Treatment of Thoracolumbar Fractures 489 Mitchel B. Harris 36. Operative Techniques: Posterior Thoracolumbar Techniques and Surgical Approaches 497 James S. Harrop and Gregory J. Przybylski 37. Posterior Thoracolumbar Spine Surgical Techniques 511 Glenn M. Amundson 38. Spinopelvic Fixation Techniques 533 Louis G. Quartararo, Alexander R. Vaccaro, Justin P. Kubeck, John J. Carbone, and Jens Chapman 39. Anterior Thoracolumbar Techniques: Surgical Approaches 543 Rocco R. Calderone 40. Anterior Thoracotomy and Corpectomy for Treatment of an Unstable Burst Fracture 569 Louis G. Quartararo, Alexander R. Vaccaro, John J. Carbone, Justin P. Kubeck, and Arjun Saxena 41. Anterior Thoracolumbar Plating and Rodding Techniques 581 Rajiv Taliwal and Bernard A. Rawlins 42. Thoracolumbar Anterior Strut Fusion Techniques Following Corpectomy for Trauma 589 Christopher J. DeWald and James Bicos 43. Management of Spine Fractures in Special Conditions: Ankylosing Spondylitis 609 Michael J. Bolesta and Glenn R. Rechtine 44. Spinal Injuries in the Setting of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis 619 Louis G. Quartararo, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and John J. Carbone 45. Klippel-Feil Syndrome 625 William Mitchell and Gregory J. Przybylski Contents ix 46. Osteoporotic Fractures of the Spine 635 John P. Kostuik 47. Gunshot Wounds to the Spine 655 Robert F. Heary and Christopher M. Bono 48. Management of Spinal Fractures in Polytrauma Patients 669 Robert F. McLain 49. Management of Post-Traumatic Syringomyelia 687 Robert J. Kowalski and Edward C. Benzel 50. Management of Post-Traumatic Deformity 697 Robert J. Kowalski and Edward C. Benzel 51. Surgical Complications Related to the Management of Traumatic Spinal Injuries 709 Alexander J. Ghanayem, Alexander R. Vaccaro, Oren G. Blam, and Justin P. Kubeck 52. Rehabilitation After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury 717 Christopher S. Formal, Michael F. Saulino, and John F. Ditunno, Jr. Index