The Brain and the Nervous System

Introduction 10 Chapter 1: The Central Nervous System 19 The Brain 19 Cerebrum 20 Brainstem 30 Cerebellum 37 The Spinal Cord 39 Cellular Laminae 42 Ascending Spinal Tracts 43 Descending Spinal Tracts 44 Chapter 2: The Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems 50 The Peripheral Nervous System 50 Spinal Nerves 51 Cranial Nerves 62 The Autonomic Nervous System 74 Sympathetic Nervous System 76 Parasympathetic Nervous System 80 Enteric Nervous System 82 Chapter 3: Functions of the Human Nervous System 85 Identifying Neural Pathways 85 Receptors 89 Autonomic Control of Organs 92 The Eye 93 The Endocrine System 94 The Reproductive System 95 The Cardiovascular System 96 The Urinary System 99 Higher Cerebral Functions 99Analytical Approaches 100 Hemispheric Asymmetry, Handedness, and Cerebral Dominance 102 Language 106 Memory 108 Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes 110 Chapter 4: The Nervous System in Motion 112 Reflex Actions 114 Sensory Receptors of Movement 117 Basic Organization of Movement 121 Lower-Level Mechanisms of Movement 125 Higher-Level Mechanisms of Movement 127 The Vestibular System 135 Saccule and Utricle 136 Semicircular Canals 137 Nerve Supply 137 Vestibular Functions 138 Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex 139 Conscious Sensation 139 Chapter 5: Perception, Sensation, and Neuroplasticity 142 Perception 143 General Organization of Perception 144 Vision 145 Hearing 148 Theories of Pain Sensation 149 Emotion and Behaviour 151 Neuroplasticity 158Types of Cortical Neuroplasticity 159 Brain-Computer Interface 164 Chapter 6: Neurobiological Disorders of Development and Behaviour 167 Neural Tube Defects 167 Cerebral Palsy 168 Pervasive Developmental Disorders 171 Autism Spectrum Disorders 172 Autism 173 Asperger Syndrome 176 Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specifi ed 178 Childhood Disintegrative Disorder 179 Rett Syndrome 181 Mental and Behavioral Disorders 182 Schizophrenia 183 Depression 186 Bipolar Disorder 189 Anxiety Disorders 190 Attention-Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder 196 Chapter 7: Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders Affecting the Brain 201 Dementia 201 Pick Disease 202 Alzheimer Disease 203 Essential Tremor 209 Parkinsonism 210 Parkinson Disease 213 Dystonia 216 Chorea 217Sydenham Chorea 218 Huntington Disease 219 Epilepsy 220 Partial Seizures Generalized Seizures 222 Diagnosis and Treatment 224 Meningitis 225 Encephalitis 228 Brain Cancer 230 Cause and Symptoms 230 Diagnosis and Treatment 231 Chapter 8: Other Diseases of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 233 Diseases of the Brainstem 233 Trauma 233 Sleep Disorders 234 Brain Death 235 Demyelinating Disease 236 Multiple Sclerosis 236 Ataxia 239 Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System 240 Neuropathies 240 Myasthenia Gravis 252 Muscular Dystrophy 254 Congenital Myopathy 256 Other Inherited Muscle Diseases 257 Diseases of the Cranial Nerves 258 Neuroblastoma 261 Diagnosis 262 Biological and Genetic Factors 263 Treatment and Development of Targeted Therapies 263 Conclusion 266 Glossary 268 Bibliography 271