Pollutant-solid phase interactions : mechanisms, chemistry and modeling
- نوع فایل : کتاب
- زبان : انگلیسی
- مؤلف : Tarek A T Aboul-Kassim; Bernd R T Simoneit
- ناشر : Berlin ; New York : Springer
- چاپ و سال / کشور: 2001
- شابک / ISBN : 9783540416500
Description
Petroleum Hydroc arbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.1 Aliphatic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.2 Polycytic Aromatic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 Pestic ides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.2.1 Pesticide Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.1.1 Cationic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.1.2 Basic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.1.3 Acidic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.2.1.4 Nonionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2.2 Priority Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3 PCBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4 Phthalates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5 Phenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.6 Organotin Compounds Pre-Extraction and Preservation Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.3 Extraction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.3.2 Soxhlet Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3.3 Blending and Ultrasonic Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3.4 Liquid-Liquid Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.3.4.1 Concentration Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.3.4.2 Advantages and Drawbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.3.5 Solid-Phase Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.3.5.1 Off-Line Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.3.5.2 On-Line Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.3.6 Column Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.3.7 Comparative Extraction Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.3.8 Micro-Extraction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.4 Clean-Up Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.4.1 Measurement of Extractable Lipids/Bitumen . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4.2 Removal of Lipids/Bitumen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4.2.1 Saponification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.4.2.2 Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.4.2.3 Solid Phase Clean-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.4.2.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.4.2.5 Supercritical Fluid Clean-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.4.2.6 Sulfur Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.5 Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.5.1 Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.5.2 On-Line Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.6 Multi-Residue Schemes Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.2.1.8 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.2.2 Types of Mass Spectrometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.2.2.1 Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.2.2.2 Magnetic-Sector Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.2.2.3 Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.2.2.4 Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.2.2.5 Fourier-Transform Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.2.3 Fragmentation Pattern and Environmental Applications . . . . . . 76 4.3 Liquid Chromatography-MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.4 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.4.1 Environmental Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.4.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.4.3 Sample Preparation and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.4.4 On-Line Coupling of IRMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.4.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.4.5.1 Carbon Isotope Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.4.5.2 Nitrogen Isotope Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.4.5.3 Hydrogen Isotope Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.4.5.4 Oxygen Isotope Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.4.5.5 Chlorine Isotope Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.4.6 Modern Application Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.5 Future Developments in Organic Pollutant Identification and Charac terization .
Growth in the numbers of organic chemicals during recent decades has been extraordinary. Most are complex compounds that are released directly and/or indirectly to the surrounding environment. A view is emerging in relation to environmental protection and hazardous substance management that (1) some organic chemicals and/or organic leachates from solid waste materials and contaminated sediment/soil sites are of such extreme environmental concern that all use should be highly controlled including isolation for disposal; and (2) most hazardous substances are of sufficient social value that their continual use, production and disposal are justified. For these chemicals their types, sources, fate, behavior, effects and remediation at solid- aqueous phase interfaces must be fully assessed and understood. This assessment and understanding are essential for society to accept risks of adverse ecological or human health effects.
