Building design and construction handbook: 6th
- نوع فایل : کتاب
- زبان : انگلیسی
- مؤلف : Frederick S Merritt; Jonathan T Ricketts
- ناشر : New York : McGraw-Hill,
- چاپ و سال / کشور: 2000
- شابک / ISBN : 9780071379854
Description
Contributors xxi Preface xxiii Section 1 System Fundamentals Jonathan T. Ricketts 1.1 1.1 Principles of Architecture / 1.1 1.2 Systems Design and Analysis / 1.3 1.3 Traditional Design Procedures / 1.4 1.4 Traditional Construction Procedures / 1.5 1.5 Role of the Client in Design and Construction / 1.8 1.6 Building Costs / 1.8 1.7 Major Building Systems / 1.9 1.8 Value Engineering / 1.22 1.9 Execution of Systems Design / 1.29 1.10 Building Codes / 1.36 1.11 Zoning Codes / 1.38 1.12 Other Regulations / 1.40 1.13 Systems Design by Team / 1.40 1.14 Project Peer Review / 1.41 1.15 Application of Systems Design / 1.41 Section 2 The Building Team-Managing the Building Process Alan D. Hinklin 2.1 2.1 Professional and Business Requirements of Architectural Engineers / 2.2 2.2 Client Objectives for Buildings / 2.2 2.3 Program Definition / 2.4 2.4 Organization of the Building Team / 2.4 2.5 Client-A/E Agreement / 2.6 2.6 A/E Liability and Insurance / 2.8 2.7 Definition of Project Phases / 2.10 2.8 Scheduling and Personnel Assignments / 2.11 2.9 Accelerated Design and Construction / 2.12 2.10 Design Management / 2.13 2.11 Internal Record Keeping / 2.14 2.12 Codes and Regulations / 2.14 2.13 Permits / 2.15 2.14 Energy Conservation / 2.16 2.15 The Interior Environment / 2.16 2.16 Cost Estimating and Value Engineering / 2.18 2.17 Technical Specifications / 2.18 2.18 Upfront Documents / 2.22 2.19 Quality Control for Architects and Engineers / 2.23 2.20 Bidding and Contract Award / 2.24 2.21 Construction Scheduling / 2.24 2.22 Shop Drawing Review / 2.25 vi CONTENTS 2.23 Role of Architect or Engineer During Construction / 2.26 2.24 Testing and Balancing of Building Systems / 2.29 2.25 Postconstruction Operation and Maintenance / 2.29 2.26 Record Drawings / 2.30 2.27 Follow-Up Interviews / 2.30 2.28 Management of Disputes / 2.30 2.29 Professional Ethics / 2.31 Section 3 Protection against Hazards David W. Mock 3.1 3.1 Risk Management / 3.1 3.2 Wind Protection / 3.3 3.3 Protection against Earthquakes / 3.11 3.4 Protection against Water / 3.15 3.5 Protection against Fire / 3.28 3.6 Lightning Protection / 3.48 3.7 Protection against Intruders / 3.50 Section 4 Building Materials David J. Akers 4.1 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS 4.1 Types of Cementitious Materials / 4.1 4.2 Portland Cements / 4.2 4.3 Aluminous Cements / 4.5 4.4 Natural Cements / 4.6 4.5 Limes / 4.6 4.6 Low-Temperature Gypsum Derivatives / 4.8 4.7 Oxychloride Cements / 4.9 4.8 Masonry Cements / 4.9 4.9 Fly Ashes / 4.9 4.10 Silica Fume (Microsilica) / 4.10 AGGREGATES 4.11 Normal-Weight Aggregates / 4.11 4.12 Heavyweight and Lightweight Aggregates / 4.14 ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE 4.13 Chemical and Mineral Admixtures / 4.14 4.14 Fibers for Concrete Mixes / 4.18 4.15 Miscellaneous Admixtures / 4.19 MORTARS AND CONCRETES 4.16 Mortars / 4.19 4.17 Portland-Cement Concrete / 4.21 4.18 Polymer Concretes / 4.26 4.19 Concrete Masonry Units / 4.27 BURNED-CLAY UNITS 4.20 Brick-Clay or Shale / 4.28 4.21 Structural Clay Tile / 4.30 4.22 Ceramic Tiles / 4.32 4.23 Architectural Terra Cotta / 4.32 BUILDING STONES 4.24 Properties of Building Stones / 4.32 4.25 Freezing and Thawing of Stone / 4.35 CONTENTS vii GYPSUM PRODUCTS 4.26 Gypsumboard / 4.35 4.27 Gypsum Lath / 4.37 4.28 Gypsum Sheathing Board / 4.37 4.29 Gypsum Partition Tile or Block / 4.37 4.30 Gypsum Plank / 4.37 GLASS AND GLASS BLOCK 4.31 Window Glass / 4.38 4.32 Glass Block / 4.40 WOOD 4.33 Mechanical Properties of Wood / 4.44 4.34 Effects of Hygroscopic Properties of Wood / 4.44 4.35 Commercial Grades of Wood / 4.46 4.36 Destroyers and Preservatives / 4.48 4.37 Glues and Adhesives for Wood / 4.50 4.38 Plywood and Other Fabricated Wood Boards / 4.51 4.39 Wood Bibliography / 4.52 STEEL AND STEEL ALLOYS 4.40 Types of Irons and Steels / 4.52 4.41 Properties of Structural Steels / 4.58 4.42 Heat Treatment and Hardening of Steels / 4.61 4.43 Effects of Grain Size / 4.62 4.44 Steel Alloys / 4.62 4.45 Welding Ferrous Materials / 4.68 4.46 Effects of Steel Production Methods / 4.70 4.47 Effects of Hot Rolling / 4.72 4.48 Effects of Punching and Shearing / 4.73 4.49 Corrosion of Iron and Steel / 4.74 4.50 Steel and Steel Alloy Bibliography / 4.75 ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM-BASED ALLOYS 4.51 Aluminum-Alloy Designations / 4.75 4.52 Finishes for Aluminum / 4.76 4.53 Structural Aluminum / 4.76 4.54 Welding and Brazing of Aluminum / 4.77 4.55 Bolted and Riveted Aluminum Connections / 4.79 4.56 Prevention of Corrosion of Aluminum / 4.79 4.57 Aluminum Bibliography / 4.80 COPPER AND COPPER-BASED ALLOYS 4.58 Copper / 4.80 4.59 Brass / 4.81 4.60 Nickel Silvers / 4.82 4.61 Cupronickel / 4.83 4.62 Bronze / 4.83 4.63 Copper Bibliography / 4.84 LEAD AND LEAD-BASED ALLOYS 4.64 Applications of Lead / 4.84 4.65 Lead Bibliography / 4.85 NICKEL AND NICKEL-BASED ALLOYS 4.66 Properties of Nickel and Its Alloys / 4.85 4.67 Nickel Bibliography / 4.86 PLASTICS 4.68 General Properties of Plastics / 4.86 4.69 Fillers and Plasticizers / 4.87 4.70 Molding and Fabricating Methods for Plastics / 4.87 viii CONTENTS 4.71 Thermosetting Plastics / 4.88 4.72 Thermoplastic Resins / 4.90 4.73 Elastomers, or Synthetic Rubbers / 4.92 COMBINATION OF PLASTICS AND OTHER MATERIALS 4.74 High-Pressure Laminates / 4.93 4.75 Reinforced Plastics / 4.93 4.76 Laminated Rubber / 4.94 4.77 Plastics Bibliography / 4.95 PORCELAIN-ENAMELED PRODUCTS 4.78 Porcelain Enamel on Metal / 4.96 4.79 Porcelain Bibliography / 4.96 ASPHALT AND BITUMINOUS PRODUCTS 4.80 Asphalts for Dampproofing and Waterproofing / 4.97 4.81 Bituminous Roofing / 4.97 4.82 Asphalt Shingles / 4.98 4.83 Asphalt Mastics and Grouts / 4.99 4.84 Bituminous Pavements / 4.99 4.85 Asphalt Bibliography / 4.99 JOINT SEALS 4.86 Calking Compounds / 4.100 4.87 Sealants / 4.100 4.88 Gaskets / 4.101 4.89 Joint Seals Bibliography / 4.101 PAINTS AND OTHER COATINGS 4.90 Vehicles or Binders / 4.102 4.91 Pigments for Paints / 4.103 4.92 Resins for Paints / 4.104 4.93 Coatings Bibliography / 4.105 Section 5 Structural Theory Akbar Tamboli, Michael Xing, and Mohsin Ahmed 5.1 5.1 Design Loads / 5.2 5.2 Stress and Strain / 5.17 5.3 Stresses at a Point / 5.24 5.4 Torsion / 5.28 5.5 Straight Beams / 5.30 5.6 Curved Beams / 5.52 5.7 Buckling of Columns / 5.58 5.8 Graphic-Statics Fundamentals / 5.62 5.9 Roof Trusses / 5.63 5.10 General Tools for Structural Analysis / 5.67 5.11 Continuous Beams and Frames / 5.78 5.12 Load Distribution to Bents and Shear Walls / 5.101 5.13 Finite-Element Methods / 5.110 5.14 Stresses in Arches / 5.115 5.15 Thin-Shell Structures / 5.119 5.16 Cable-Supported Structures / 5.128 5.17 Air-Stabilized Structures / 5.138 5.18 Structural Dynamics / 5.140 5.19 Earthquake Loads / 5.162 5.20 Floor Vibrations / 5.183 5.21 Wiss and Parmelee Rating Factor for Transient Vibrations / 5.185 5.22 Reiher-Meister Scale for Steady-State Vibrations / 5.186 5.23 Murray Criterion for Walking Vibrations / 5.188 CONTENTS ix Section 6 Soil Mechanics and Foundations Robert W. Day 6.1 6.1 Introduction / 6.1 6.2 Field Exploration / 6.3 6.3 Laboratory Testing / 6.23 6.4 Effective Stress and Stress Distribution / 6.43 6.5 Settlement Analyses / 6.50 6.6 Bearing Capacity Analyses / 6.61 6.7 Retaining Walls / 6.76 6.8 Foundations / 6.88 6.9 Foundation Excavations / 6.96 6.10 Grading and Other Site Improvement Methods / 6.97 6.11 Geosynthetics / 6.115 Section 7 Structural Steel Construction Bruce Glidden 7.1 7.1 Codes and Specifications / 7.2 7.2 Mill Materials / 7.2 7.3 Fasteners / 7.8 7.4 Fabrication / 7.17 7.5 Quality Assurance / 7.17 STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEMS 7.6 Wall Bearing Framing / 7.18 7.7 Skeleton Framing / 7.20 7.8 Long-Span Framing / 7.22 7.9 Steel and Concrete Framing / 7.29 BRACING SYSTEMS 7.10 Bracing Design Considerations / 7.30 7.11 Frame Bracing / 7.31 7.12 Bracing for Individual Members / 7.36 FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS 7.13 Floor-Framing Design Considerations / 7.39 7.14 Roof Framing Systems / 7.44 DESIGN OF MEMBERS 7.15 Bases for ASD and LRFD / 7.44 7.16 Design Aids and References / 7.45 7.17 Serviceability Criteria / 7.47 7.18 Tension Members / 7.49 7.19 Columns and Other Compression Members / 7.50 7.20 Beams and Other Flexural Members / 7.57 7.21 Plate Girders / 7.67 7.22 Web or Flange Load-Bearing Stiffeners / 7.76 7.23 Bearing / 7.79 7.24 Combined Axial Compression and Bending / 7.80 7.25 Combined Axial Tension and Bending / 7.82 7.26 Composite Construction / 7.83 7.27 Members Subject to Torsion / 7.89 7.28 Members Subject to Cyclic Loading / 7.90 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS 7.29 Combinations of Fasteners / 7.91 7.30 Load Capacity of Bolts / 7.91 7.31 Load Capacity of Welds / 7.93 7.32 Bearing-Type Bolted Connections / 7.96 7.33 Slip-Critical Bolted Connections / 7.100 7.34 Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connections / 7.101 x CONTENTS 7.35 Types of Beam Connections / 7.103 7.36 Beams Splices / 7.113 7.37 Column Splices / 7.114 STEEL ERECTION 7.38 Erection Equipment / 7.117 7.39 Clearance for Erecting Beams / 7.117 7.40 Erection Sequence / 7.119 7.41 Field-Welding Procedures / 7.120 7.42 Erection Tolerances / 7.121 7.43 Adjusting Lintels / 7.123 CORROSION PROTECTION 7.44 Corrosion of Steel / 7.124 7.45 Painting Steel Structures / 7.125 7.46 Paint Systems / 7.125 7.47 Field-Painting Steel / 7.126 7.48 Steel in Contact with Concrete / 7.127 FIRE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL 7.49 Effect of Heat on Steel / 7.129 7.50 Fire Protection of Exterior / 7.129 7.51 Materials for Improving Fire Resistance / 7.130 7.52 Pierced Ceilings and Floors / 7.131 7.53 Fire-Resistance Ratings / 7.133 7.54 Bibliography / 7.134 Section 8 Cold-Formed Steel Construction Don S. Wolford and Wei-Wen Yu 8.1 COLD-FORMED SHAPES 8.1 Material for Cold-Formed Steel Shapes / 8.2 8.2 Utilization of Cold Work of Forming / 8.7 8.3 Types of Cold-Formed Shapes / 8.8 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR COLD-FORMED STEEL SHAPES 8.4 Some Basic Concepts of Cold-Formed Steel Design / 8.10 8.5 Structural Behavior of Flat Compression Elements / 8.14 8.6 Unstiffened Cold-Formed Elements Subject to Local Buckling / 8.17 8.7 Stiffened Cold-Formed Elements Subject to Local Buckling / 8.17 8.8 Application of Effective Widths / 8.21 8.9 Maximum Flat-Width Ratios of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.22 8.10 Unit Stresses for Cold-Formed Steel / 8.22 8.11 Laterally Unsupported Cold-Formed Beams / 8.22 8.12 Allowable Shear Strength in Webs / 8.23 8.13 Concentrically Loaded Compression Members / 8.23 8.14 Combined Axial and Bending Stresses / 8.25 JOINING OF COLD-FORMED STEEL 8.15 Welding of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.25 8.16 Arc Welding of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.26 8.17 Resistance Welding of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.31 8.18 Bolting of Cold-Formed Steel Members / 8.33 8.19 Self-Tapping Screws for Joining Sheet Steel Components / 8.40 8.20 Special Fasteners for Cold-Formed Steel / 8.41 COLD-FORMED STEEL FLOOR, ROOF, AND WALL CONSTRUCTION 8.21 Steel Roof Deck / 8.42 CONTENTS xi 8.22 Cellular Steel Floor and Roof Panels / 8.47 8.23 Corrugated Sheets for Roofing, Siding, and Decking / 8.50 8.24 Lightweight Steel Metric Sheeting / 8.53 8.25 Stainless Steel Structural Design / 8.54 PREENGINEERED STEEL BUILDINGS 8.26 Characteristics of Preengineered Steel Buildings / 8.55 8.27 Structural Design of Preengineered Buildings / 8.56 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS 8.28 Design of Open-Web Steel Joists / 8.57 8.29 Construction Details for Open-Web Steel Joists / 8.59 Section 9 Concrete Construction Edward S. Hoffman and David P. Gustafson 9.1 CONCRETE AND ITS INGREDIENTS 9.1 Cementitious Materials / 9.1 9.2 Cements / 9.2 9.3 Aggregates / 9.2 9.4 Proportioning Concrete Mixes / 9.3 9.5 Yield Calculation / 9.6 9.6 Properties and Tests of Fresh (Plastic) Concrete / 9.7 9.7 Properties and Tests of Hardened Concrete / 9.8 9.8 Measuring and Mixing Concrete Ingredients / 9.10 9.9 Admixtures / 9.11 QUALITY CONTROL 9.10 Mix Design / 9.14 9.11 Check Tests of Materials / 9.17 9.12 At the Mixing Plant-Yield Adjustments / 9.17 9.13 At the Placing Point-Slump Adjustments / 9.18 9.14 Strength Tests / 9.18 9.15 Test Evaluation / 9.21 FORMWORK 9.16 Responsibility for Formwork / 9.22 9.17 Materials and Accessories for Forms / 9.22 9.18 Loads on Formwork / 9.22 9.19 Form Removal and Reshoring / 9.25 9.20 Special Forms / 9.26 9.21 Inspection of Formwork / 9.26 REINFORCEMENT 9.22 Reinforcing Bars / 9.26 9.23 Welded-Wire Fabric (WWF) / 9.28 9.24 Prestressing Steel / 9.29 9.25 Fabrication and Placing of Rebars / 9.29 9.26 Bar Supports / 9.32 9.27 Inspection of Reinforcement / 9.33 CONCRETE PLACEMENT 9.28 Good Practice / 9.34 9.29 Methods of Placing / 9.34 9.30 Excess Water / 9.34 9.31 Consolidation / 9.35 9.32 Concreting Vertical Elements / 9.35 9.33 Concreting Horizontal Elements / 9.36 xii CONTENTS 9.34 Bonding to Hardened Concrete / 9.37 9.35 Heavy-Duty Floor Finishes / 9.37 9.36 Concreting in Cold Weather / 9.38 9.37 Concreting in Hot Weather / 9.38 9.38 Curing Concrete / 9.39 9.39 Joints in Concrete / 9.40 9.40 Inspection of Concrete Placement / 9.41 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES 9.41 Analyses of One-Way Floor and Roof Systems / 9.42 9.42 Two-Way Slab Frames / 9.44 9.43 Special Analyses / 9.45 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS 9.44 Strength Design with Factored Loads / 9.45 9.45 Allowable-Stress Design at Service Loads (Alternative Design Method) / 9.47 9.46 Strength Design for Flexure / 9.49 9.47 Shear in Flexural Members / 9.53 9.48 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members / 9.55 9.49 Development, Anchorage, and Splices of Reinforcement / 9.58 9.50 Crack Control / 9.70 9.51 Deflection of Reinforced-Concrete Beams and Slabs / 9.71 ONE-WAY REINFORCED-CONCRETE SLABS 9.52 Analysis and Design of One-Way Slabs / 9.75 9.53 Embedded Pipes in One-Way Slabs / 9.77 ONE-WAY CONCRETE-JOIST CONSTRUCTION 9.54 Standard Sizes of Joists / 9.79 9.55 Design of One-Way Concrete-Joist Construction / 9.79 9.56 Reinforcement of Joists for Flexure / 9.80 9.57 Shear in Joists / 9.81 9.58 Wide-Module Joist Construction / 9.82 TWO-WAY SLAB CONSTRUCTION 9.59 Analysis and Design of Flat Plates / 9.84 9.60 Flat Slabs / 9.90 9.61 Two-Way Slabs on Beams / 9.92 9.62 Estimating Guide for Two-Way Construction / 9.93 BEAMS 9.63 Definitions of Flexural Members / 9.94 9.64 Flexural Reinforcement / 9.94 9.65 Reinforcement for Shear and Flexure / 9.98 9.66 Reinforcement for Torsion and Shear / 9.100 9.67 Crack Control in Beams / 9.100 WALLS 9.68 Bearing Walls / 9.101 9.69 Nonbearing Walls / 9.103 9.70 Cantilever Retaining Walls / 9.103 9.71 Counterfort Retaining Walls / 9.105 9.72 Retaining Walls Supported on Four Sides / 9.106 FOUNDATIONS 9.73 Types of Foundations / 9.106 9.74 General Design Principles for Foundations / 9.107 9.75 Spread Footings for Walls / 9.110 9.76 Spread Footings for Individual Columns / 9.111 9.77 Combined Spread Footings / 9.112 9.78 Strap Footings / 9.114 9.79 Mat Foundations / 9.115 CONTENTS xiii 9.80 Pile Foundations / 9.115 9.81 Drilled-Pier Foundations / 9.117 COLUMNS 9.82 Basic Assumptions for Strength Design of Columns / 9.118 9.83 Design Requirements for Columns / 9.122 9.84 Column Ties and Tie Patterns / 9.124 9.85 Biaxial Bending of Columns / 9.124 9.86 Slenderness Effects on Concrete Columns / 9.125 9.87 Economy in Column Design / 9.128 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION 9.88 Deep Beams / 9.129 9.89 Shear Walls / 9.131 9.90 Reinforced-Concrete Arches / 9.133 9.91 Reinforced-Concete Thin Shells / 9.134 9.92 Concrete Folded Plates / 9.136 9.93 Slabs on Grade / 9.137 9.94 Seismic-Resistant Concrete Construction / 9.138 9.95 Composite Flexural Members / 9.138 PRECAST-CONCRETE MEMBERS 9.96 Design Methods for Precast Members / 9.140 9.97 Reinforcement Cover in Precast Members / 9.140 9.98 Tolerances for Precast Construction / 9.140 9.99 Accelerated Curing / 9.141 9.100 Precast Floor and Roof Systems / 9.141 9.101 Precast Ribbed Slabs, Folded Plates, and Shells / 9.142 9.102 Wall Panels / 9.142 9.103 Lift Slabs / 9.144 PRESTRESSED-CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 9.104 Basic Principles of Prestressed Concrete / 9.144 9.105 Losses in Prestress / 9.145 9.106 Allowable Stresses at Service Loads / 9.147 9.107 Design Procedure for Prestressed-Concrete Beams / 9.149 9.108 Flexural-Strength Design of Prestressed Concrete / 9.149 9.109 Shear-Strength Design of Prestressed Concrete / 9.151 9.110 Bond, Development, and Grouting of Tendons / 9.153 9.111 Application and Measurement of Prestress / 9.155 9.112 Concrete Cover in Prestressed Members / 9.155 Section 10 Wood Construction John ‘‘Buddy’’ Showalter and Thomas G. Williamson 10.1 10.1 Basic Characteristics of Wood / 10.1 10.2 Sectional Properties of Wood Products / 10.6 10.3 Design Values for Lumber and Timber / 10.10 10.4 Structural Grading of Wood / 10.11 10.5 Adjustment Factors for Structural Members / 10.11 10.6 Pressure-Preservative Treatments for Wood / 10.19 10.7 Design Provisions for Flexural Members / 10.21 10.8 Wood Compression Members / 10.28 10.9 Tension Members / 10.30 10.10 Combined Bending and Axial Loading / 10.30 10.11 Bearing Stresses / 10.32 10.12 Structural Panels / 10.33 10.13 Design Values for Mechanical Connections / 10.51 xiv CONTENTS 10.14 Adjustment of Design Values for Connections / 10.51 10.15 Bolts / 10.59 10.16 Lag Screws / 10.60 10.17 Split-Ring and Shear-Plate Connectors / 10.61 10.18 Wood Screws / 10.63 10.19 Nails and Spikes / 10.65 10.20 Structural Framing Connections / 10.66 10.21 Glued Fastenings / 10.66 10.22 Wood Trusses / 10.68 10.23 Design of Timber Arches / 10.72 10.24 Timber Decking / 10.73 10.25 Wood-Frame Construction / 10.76 10.26 Permanent Wood Foundations / 10.80 10.27 Post Frame and Pole Construction / 10.81 10.28 Design for Fire Safety / 10.83 10.29 Timber Fabrication and Erection / 10.85 10.30 Engineered Glued Wood Products / 10.89 Section 11 Wall, Floor, and Ceiling Systems Frederick S. Merritt 11.1 MASONRY WALLS 11.1 Masonry Definitions / 11.2 11.2 Quality of Materials for Masonry / 11.5 11.3 Construction of Masonry / 11.8 11.4 Lateral Support for Masonry Walls / 11.16 11.5 Chimneys and Fireplaces / 11.18 11.6 Provisions for Dimensional Changes / 11.19 11.7 Repair of Leaky Joints / 11.21 11.8 Masonry-Thickness Requirements / 11.22 11.9 Determination of Masonry Compressive Strength / 11.24 11.10 Allowable Stresses in Masonry / 11.25 11.11 Floor-Wall Connections / 11.31 11.12 Glass Block / 11.33 11.13 Masonry Bibliography / 11.34 STUD WALLS 11.14 Stud-Wall Construction / 11.35 11.15 Sheathing / 11.37 CURTAIN WALLS 11.16 Functional Requirements of Curtain Walls / 11.37 11.17 Wood Facades / 11.38 11.18 Wall Shingles and Siding / 11.39 11.19 Stucco / 11.39 11.20 Precast-Concrete or Metal and Glass Facings / 11.40 11.21 Sandwich Panels / 11.41 PARTITIONS 11.22 Types of Partitions / 11.43 11.23 Structural Requirements of Partitions / 11.44 PLASTER AND GYPSUMBOARD 11.24 Plaster and Gypsumboard Construction Terms / 11.45 11.25 Plaster Finishes / 11.53 11.26 Gypsumboard Finishes / 11.62 11.27 Isolation and Control Joints in Gypsumboard Construction / 11.70 CONTENTS xv CERAMIC-TILE CONSTRUCTION 11.28 Types of Ceramic Tile / 11.72 11.29 Tile Installation Methods / 11.73 PANEL FINISHES 11.30 Plywood Finishes / 11.77 11.31 Other Types of Panel Finishes / 11.78 FLOOR SYSTEMS 11.32 Asphalt Tiles / 11.78 11.33 Cork Tiles / 11.79 11.34 Vinyl Flooring / 11.79 11.35 Rubber Flooring / 11.80 11.36 Installation of Thin Coverings / 11.80 11.37 Carpets / 11.82 11.38 Terrazzo / 11.83 11.39 Concrete Floors / 11.84 11.40 Wood Floors / 11.84 11.41 Industrial Floors / 11.85 11.42 Conductive Flooring / 11.86 11.43 Specifications and Standards for Flooring / 11.86 WINDOWS 11.44 Window Selection / 11.87 11.45 Window Definitions / 11.87 11.46 Modular Coordination of Windows / 11.89 11.47 Window Sash Materials / 11.89 11.48 Glazing / 11.93 11.49 Window Types / 11.98 11.50 Windows in Wall-Panel Construction / 11.106 11.51 Mechanical Operators for Windows / 11.107 DOORS 11.52 Traffic Flow and Safety / 11.109 11.53 Structural Requirements for Openings and Doors / 11.110 11.54 Ordinary Doors / 11.110 11.55 Fire and Smokestop Doors / 11.118 11.56 Revolving Doors / 11.120 11.57 Large Horizontally Sliding Doors / 11.120 11.58 Large Vertically Sliding Doors / 11.121 11.59 Large Swinging Doors / 11.122 11.60 Horizontally Hinged Doors / 11.123 11.61 Radiation-Shielding Doors / 11.123 BUILDERS’ HARDWARE 11.62 Selection of Hardware / 11.124 11.63 Effects of Codes and Regulations on Hardware / 11.125 11.64 Standards for Finishing Hardware / 11.125 11.65 Hinges and Butts / 11.126 11.66 Door-Closing Devices / 11.131 11.67 Locks, Latches, and Keys / 11.132 11.68 Window Hardware / 11.136 11.69 Inserts, Anchors, and Hangers / 11.137 11.70 Nails / 11.138 11.71 Screws / 11.139 11.72 Welded Studs / 11.141 11.73 Powder-Driven Studs / 11.143 11.74 Bolts / 11.144 xvi CONTENTS ACOUSTICS 11.75 Sound Production and Transmission / 11.145 11.76 Nomenclature for Analysis of Sound / 11.145 11.77 Sound Characteristics and Effects on Hearing / 11.146 11.78 Measurement of Sound / 11.149 11.79 Sound and Vibration Control / 11.151 11.80 Acoustical Performance Data / 11.162 11.81 Acoustical Criteria / 11.164 11.82 Helpful Hints for Noise Control / 11.166 11.83 Acoustics Bibliography / 11.169 Section 12 Roof Systems Dave Flickinger 12.1 ROOF MATERIALS 12.1 Roof Decks / 12.1 12.2 Vapor Retarders / 12.2 12.3 Roof Insulation / 12.4 12.4 Low-Slope Roof Coverings / 12.5 12.5 Steep-Slope Roof Coverings / 12.13 12.6 Need for Familiarity with Roof Design / 12.17 12.7 Building Owners’ Responsibility / 12.18 12.8 Building-Code Provisions for Roofs / 12.18 12.9 Effects of Climate / 12.18 12.10 Effects of Roof Size, Shape, and Slope / 12.19 12.11 Deck Suitability / 12.20 12.12 Effects of Rooftop Traffic / 12.20 12.13 Esthetic Considerations / 12.20 12.14 Effects of Wind on Roofs / 12.21 12.15 Protected Membrane Roofs and Plaza Decks / 12.21 12.16 Preroofing Conference / 12.21 12.17 Warranties / 12.22 12.18 Roof Maintenance / 12.22 12.19 Reroofing / 12.23 12.20 Roofing Industry Associations and Related Organizations / 12.24 12.21 Roof Systems Bibliography / 12.28 Section 13 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Lawrence E. McCabe 13.1 13.1 Definitions of Terms of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) / 13.1 13.2 Heat and Humidity / 13.7 13.3 Major Factors in HVAC Design / 13.16 13.4 Ventilation / 13.27 13.5 Movement of Air with Fans / 13.31 13.6 Duct Design / 13.14 13.7 Heat Losses / 13.35 13.8 Heat Gains / 13.37 METHODS OF HEATING BUILDINGS 13.9 General Procedure for Sizing a Heating Plant / 13.41 13.10 Heating-Load-Calculation Example / 13.43 13.11 Warm-Air Heating / 13.45 13.12 Hot-Water Heating Systems / 13.49 13.13 Steam-Heating Systems / 13.53 CONTENTS xvii 13.14 Unit Heaters / 13.56 13.15 Radiant Heating / 13.57 13.16 Snow Melting / 13.59 13.17 Radiators and Convectors / 13.60 13.18 Heat Pumps / 13.62 13.19 Solar Heating / 13.62 METHODS OF COOLING AND AIR CONDITIONING 13.20 Sizing an Air-Conditioning Plant / 13.65 13.21 Refrigeration Cycles / 13.69 13.22 Air-Distribution Temperature for Cooling / 13.71 13.23 Condensers / 13.72 13.24 Compressor-Motor Units / 13.73 13.25 Cooling Equipment-Central Plant Packaged Units / 13.74 13.26 Zoning / 13.76 13.27 Packaged Air-Conditioning Units / 13.76 13.28 Absorption Units for Cooling / 13.78 13.29 Ducts for Air Conditioning / 13.79 13.30 Built-Up Air-Conditioning Units / 13.82 13.31 Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems / 13.82 13.32 Air-Water Systems / 13.85 13.33 Control Systems for Air Conditioning / 13.33 13.34 Heating and Air Conditioning / 13.89 13.35 Control of Computerized HVAC Systems / 13.90 13.36 Direct Digital Control / 13.92 13.37 Industrial Air Conditioning / 13.93 13.38 Chemical Cooling / 13.94 13.39 Year-Round Air Conditioning / 13.94 Section 14 Plumbing—Water-Supply, Sprinkler, and Wastewater Systems Gregory P. Gladfelter and Brian L. Olsen 14.1 14.1 Plumbing and Fire Prevention Codes / 14.1 14.2 Health Requirements for Plumbing / 14.2 14.3 Water Quality / 14.3 14.4 Water Treatment / 14.5 14.5 Water Quantity and Pressures / 14.6 14.6 Water Distribution in Buildings / 14.7 14.7 Plumbing Fixtures and Equipment / 14.13 14.8 Water Demand and Fixture Units / 14.19 14.9 Water-Pipe Sizing / 14.21 14.10 Domestic Water Heaters / 14.29 WASTEWATER PIPING 14.11 Wastewater Disposal / 14.31 14.12 Sewers / 14.34 14.13 Wastewater-System Elements / 14.36 14.14 Waste-Pipe Materials / 14.38 14.15 Layout of Waste Piping / 14.38 14.16 Interceptors / 14.39 14.17 Piping for Indirect Wastes / 14.39 14.18 Rainwater Drainage / 14.40 14.19 Waste-Pipe Sizing / 14.43 14.20 Venting / 14.45 14.21 Plumbing-System Inspection and Tests / 14.48 xviii CONTENTS GAS PIPING 14.22 Gas Supply / 14.49 14.23 Gas-Pipe Sizes / 14.50 14.24 Estimating Gas Consumption / 14.50 14.25 Gas-Pipe Materials / 14.51 SPRINKLER SYSTEMS 14.26 Sprinkler Systems / 14.52 14.27 Automatic Sprinklers / 14.53 14.28 Types of Sprinkler Systems / 14.54 14.29 System Design / 14.59 14.30 Standpipes / 14.63 14.31 Water Supplies for Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems / 14.64 14.32 Central Station Supervisory Systems / 14.65 14.33 Additional Information / 14.65 Section 15 Electrical Systems James M. Bannon 15.1 15.1 Electrical Power / 15.2 15.2 Direct-Current Systems / 15.2 15.3 Alternating-Current Systems / 15.5 15.4 Electrical Loads / 15.12 15.5 Emergency Power / 15.14 15.6 Electrical Conductors and Raceways / 15.15 15.7 Power System Apparatus / 15.20 15.8 Electrical Distribution in Buildings / 15.29 15.9 Circuit and Conductor Calculations / 15.34 15.10 Light and Sight / 15.45 15.11 Quality of Light / 15.51 15.12 Color Rendering with Lighting / 15.54 15.13 Quantity of Light / 15.55 15.14 Lighting Methods / 15.58 15.15 Daylight / 15.60 15.16 Characteristics of Lamps / 15.60 15.17 Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures / 15.68 15.18 Systems Design of Lighting / 15.72 15.19 Special Electrical Systems / 15.73 15.20 Electrical Systems Bibliography / 15.77 Section 16 Vertical Circulation Steven D. Edgett and Allen M. Williams 16.1 16.1 Classification of Vertical Circulation Systems / 16.1 16.2 Ramps / 16.2 16.3 Stairs / 16.5 16.4 Escalators / 16.11 16.5 Elevator Installations / 16.18 16.6 Definitions of Elevator Terms / 16.19 16.7 Elevator Hoistways / 16.22 16.8 Elevator Cars / 16.26 16.9 Electric Elevators / 16.28 16.10 Hydraulic Elevators / 16.35 16.11 Planning for Passenger Elevators / 16.37 16.12 Dumbwaiters / 16.45 16.13 Conveyers and Pneumatic Tubes / 16.45 16.14 Mail Chutes / 16.47 CONTENTS xix Section 17 Construction Project Management Robert F. Borg 17.1 17.1 Types of Construction Companies / 17.1 17.2 Construction Company Organization / 17.3 17.3 Contractors’ Business Consultants / 17.6 17.4 Sources of Business / 17.7 17.5 What Constitutes the Contract Documents? / 17.9 17.6 Major Concerns with Building Codes / 17.11 17.7 Estimating, Bidding, and Costs / 17.11 17.8 Types of Bids and Contracts / 17.12 17.9 Professional Construction Managers / 17.15 17.10 Contract Administration / 17.16 17.11 Purchase Orders / 17.28 17.12 Scheduling and Expediting / 17.30 17.13 Fast Tracking / 17.34 17.14 Changes, Claims, and Dispute Resolution / 17.36 17.15 Insurance / 17.42 17.16 Construction Contract Bonds / 17.52 17.17 Trade Payment Breakdowns and Payments / 17.54 17.18 Cost Records / 17.56 17.19 Accounting Methods / 17.61 17.20 Safety / 17.62 17.21 Community Relations / 17.63 17.22 Relations with Public Agencies in Executing Construction Operations / 17.64 17.23 Labor Relations / 17.65 17.24 Social and Environmental Concerns in Construction / 17.67 17.25 Systems Building / 17.69 17.26 Basics of Successful Management / 17.70 Section 18 Communications Systems Tom Nevling 18.1 18.1 Glossary / 18.1 18.2 Grounding / 18.8 18.3 Communications Room and Communications Closet Layout / 18.10 18.4 Wiring Diagrams / 18.11 18.5 Fiberoptic Cable / 18.13 18.6 Fiberoptic Connectors / 18.16 18.7 Horizontal Cabling / 18.17 18.8 Budget / 18.20 18.9 Links / 18.26 Section 19 Construction Cost Estimating Colman J. Mullin 19.1 19.1 Composition of Project Price / 19.1 19.2 Estimating Direct Costs / 19.2 19.3 Estimating Contingency Costs / 19.7 19.4 Estimating Margin (Markup) / 19.8 19.5 Sample Estimate / 19.9 19.6 Reviewing Estimates / 19.14 19.7 Computer Estimating / 19.14 Appendix Factors for Conversion to the Metric System (SI) of Units Frederick S. Merritt A.1 Index I.1