ساخت تونل عملی Practical tunnel construction

Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 2 Geotechnical Considerations--Rock 5 Site Investigation 5 Borings 6 Obtaining Samples and Testing of Rock 7 Geophysics 8 Types of Rock 10 Igneous Rocks 10 Sedimentary Rocks 11 Metamorphic Rocks 14 Discontinuities 15 Folds 16 Fractures 18 Faults 18 Joints 18 Shear Zones 19 Hardness 20 Tunnel Orientation 23 Tunneling Under the Water Table 25 Rock Mass Classification 27 References 63 3 Soft Ground (Soil) 65 Engineering Properties 67 Squeezing Ground 72 Swelling Ground 72 References 80 4 Soft Ground Tunneling 81 Unitary Excavation 81 Full-Arch Mining 83 Shields 88 Slurry Machines 91 Earth Pressure Balance Machine 97 References 104 5 Tunneling In Rock 105 Factors Considered When Selecting Tunneling Method 106 Tunneling in Rock by Drilling and Blasting 106 Drilling 107 Explosives 112 Blasting 124 Tunnel Driving by Blasting 138 Hydraulic Impact Hammer 156 References 157 6 Roadheaders 159 Operating Principle 159 Mucking 161 Machine Parameters 164 Cutting Bits 164 Operational Parameters 166 Roadheader Cutting Capacity 166 Performance Prediction 167 Advantages of Roadheader 168 Roadheader Shortcomings 168 References 169 7 Tunnel-Boring Machines 171 History of Tunnel-Boring Machine 171 Channel Tunnel 172 Beaumont/English Machine 172 Operating Principle 176 Cutting Tools 179 Kerf Principle 181 Disc Cutter Spacing 181 Backup Equipment 182 References 185 8 Ground Control 187 Support System Objectives 187 Types of Rock Support 188 Active Support 188 Passive Support 197 References 208 9 Mucking and Haulage 209 Mucking Methods 209 Load--Haul--Dump Machines 211 Mine Trucks 212 Continuous Mucking Machine 213 Rail Transport 214 References 222 10 Grout 223 Objectives of Grouting 223 Geotechnical 223 Grouting Materials 228 Chemical Grout 230 Grouting Pressures 246 Stage Grouting 252 Backfilling 253 Contact Grouting 257 Grouting Equipment 260 Operating Tips 269 References 270 11 Portals and Shafts 273 Portals 273 Shafts 277 Locating Shafts 278 Shape of Shafts 278 Construction 279 Collar 280 Wood Sheet Piles 282 Steel Sheet Piles 283 Soldier Piles and Lagging 285 Ribs and Lagging 286 Liner Plate 286 Slurry Walls 289 Secant Piles 291 Ground Freezing 292 Drilling and Blasting 292 Rock Shaft Mucking and Sinking 295 Raise Borer 296 Boxhole Borer 301 Raise Climber 302 Other Mechanical Methods 304 Reference 305 12 Sprayed Concrete (Shotcrete) 307 Dry Mix 308 Wet Mix 310 Additives 314 Reinforcement 315 Steel Fibers 315 Synthetic Fibers 316 Welded Wire Fabric 316 Reinforcing Bar 316 Application 317 References 322 13 New Austrian Tunneling Method and Norwegian Method of Tunneling 323 References 334 14 Water Handling 335 Panning 335 Pumping 335 Dewatering 336 Deep Wells 336 Wellpoint 337 Compressed Air 340 Ground Freezing 342 Reference 347 15 Trenchless Excavation 349 Ramming 350 Auger Boring 351 Horizontal Directional Drilling 353 Pipejacking and Microtunneling 354 Drive Lengths 356 Types of Excavators 359 Box Jacking 362 Reference 363 16 Tunnel Ventilation 365 Introduction 365 Fundamentals of Air Flow 368 Fan Characteristic Curves 374 References 379 17 Tunnel Lining 381 Shotcrete 384 One- and Two-Pass Lining 384 Concrete Segments 384 Cast-in-Place Concrete 387 References 389 Bibliography 391 Index 399